| A | B |
|---|
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHROMATIN | plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| HOMEOSTASIS | REGULATION SO INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ARE STABLE |
| ASEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM ONE PARENT |
| SEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM TWO PARENTS |
| a or an | non or not |
| bio | life |
| logy | study of |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| endo | inner, inside |
| auto | self |
| hyper | above, over |
| hypo | below, under |
| cyto, cyte | cell |
| hetero | different, other |
| hydro | water |
| synthesis | to make/put together |
| photo | light |
| lys | breakdown |
| plasm | form |
| homo | same, alike |
| GROWTH | increase in the number of cells |
| MITOSIS | the orderly sequence of a cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | the orderly sequence of a cell going through growth and division |
| INTERPHASE | Stage of cell cycle in which the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases |
| S (SYNTHESIS) | the phase during interphase where the DNA replicates itself |
| G1 (GAP 1) | the phase during interphase where the cell grows |
| G2 (GAP 2) | the phase during interphase where the cell prepares to divide by copying its organelles and continues to grow |
| MITOSIS | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| CYTOKINESIS | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| PROPHASE | part of cell division when chromosomes first appear as sister chromatids |
| PROPHASE | part of mitosis when the nucleolus disappears |
| PROPHASE | phase of mitosis when spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromatid |
| PROPHASE | phase of cell division when the nuclear envelope disappears |
| METAPHASE | part of mitosis when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| ANAPHASE | part of mitosis when sister chromatids separate from their partners |
| ANAPHASE | part of cell division when microtubules shorten/length to bring each chromatids to opposite poles of the cell |
| PROPHASE | begins when centrioles reach the poles during cell division |
| TELOPHASE | everything that happened in prophase is reversed |
| TELOPHASE | spindles disappear, nuclear envelopes reappear, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear |
| CYTOKINESIS | completes the cell cycle after division by dividing the cytoplasm |
| CYTOKINESIS | stage of the cell cycle that results in two identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | cytokinesis, interphase, mitosis |
| INTERPHASE | stage of the cell cycle including phases G1, S, G2 |
| CENTRIOLES | move to the poles and shorten spindle fibers to pull chromatids apart during anaphase |
| CENTROMERES | attach sister chromatids together in the middle (intersection of the X) |
| CHROMATIDS | form as dna condenses to make up chromosomes, "sisters" |
| CHROMATIN | single, thread like strands in the nucleus, which contain DNA |
| ASEXUAL | one parent, no genetic diversity, offspring identical to parent as in mitosis |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | chromosomes that are similar size and carrying same traits |
| TELOMERES | a compound structure at the end of a chromosome. |
| SPINDLE FIBERS | microscopic protein structures which help divide genetic material during cell division. |
| DAUGHTER CELLS | two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis |
| DAUGHTER CELLS | genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes |
| CHROMATIN | The relaxed form of DNA in the cell's nucleus |
| SISTER CHROMATID | one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides centromere |
| SPINDLE APPARATUS | moves and organizes the chromosomes before cell division |
| CANCER | uncontrolled cell growth |
| APOPTOSIS | programmed cell death |
| CARCINOGEN | an agent that causes cancer |
| STEM CELL | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions |
| cellular organisational level between cells and a complete organ | TISSUE |
| grouping of similar type cells that perform a specific function | TISSUE |
| homozygous | alleles are identical |
| heterozygous | when the genotype includes both a dominant and a recessive allele |
| genotype | symbols used to represent the alleles of an organism |
| phenotype | written description of the trait we observe in an organism |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| allele | a varying form of a gene |
| purebred | another term for homozygous where alleles are the same |
| Mendel | the father of genetics ( studied pea plants) |
| hybrid | another term for heterozygous where the alleles are different |
| heterozygous | Bb |
| heterozygous | one uppercase letter & one lowercase letter |
| Punnett square | used to predict probable outcomes of crosses |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| chromosomes | coils of DNA which contain genetic information |
| homozygous recessive | bb |
| homozygous recessive | two lowercase letters |
| chromosomes | genes are found on these structures |
| gene | a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| alleles | different forms of the same gene (ex: T or t) |
| homozygous | containing two alleles that are the same (ex: tt or TT) |
| heterozygous | containing two alleles that are different (ex: Tt) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: Tt) |
| phenotype | the physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype (ex: tall) |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| crossing-over | pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged during meiosis |
| mutation | sudden change in structure or amount of DNA |
| karyotype | a chart showing all of an organism's chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs |
| genetic engineering | manipulation of DNA to produce changes in an organism |
| gene therapy | replacement of defective genes by transferring normal genes into cells that lack them |
| genome | all of the genes possessed by an organism |
| monogenic | alterations to a single gene pair |
| polygenic | alterations to multiple genes |
| chromosomal | alterations to chromosomes...may be classified as autosomal or sex |
| Down's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy 21 |
| Kleinfelter's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy of male sex chromosome |
| Turner's syndrome | chromosomal....single sex chromosome-female |
| sickle cell anemia | monogenic ...results in miss shaped blood cells |
| cystic fibrosis | monogenic/recessive...results in the over production of mucus in the lungs andi intestines |
| Law of Dominance | When an organism is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait can be seen in the hybrid. |
| homozygous | containing two alleles that are the same (ex: tt or TT) |
| heterozygous | containing two alleles that are different (ex: Tt) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: Tt) |
| phenotype | the physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype (ex: tall) |
| incomplete dominance | occurs when two alleles contribute to the phenotype;traits blend |
| codominance | both traits are expressed at the same time |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| heterozygous | Bb |
| heterozygous | one uppercase letter & one lowercase letter |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| homozygous recessive | bb |
| homozygous recessive | two lowercase letters |
| monohybrid | crossing of one trait |
| dihybrid | crossing of two traits |
| incomplete dominance | BB' |
| co-domianance | BW |
| complete dominance | Bb |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| sex linked trait | A trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome |
| x linked sex linked trait | A trait that is determined by the allele on X chromosome |
| y linked sex linked trait | A trait determined by the allele on Y chromosome is said to be Y-linked. |
| x linked sex linked (male) | X^C y |
| antibody | a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. |
| Rh factor | protein on the surface of the Red blood cell. |
| agglutinogen | stimulate the formation of agglutinin |
| agglutinin | antibodies generating by our immune system against antigens. |
| agglutinin | substance in the blood that causes particles to coagulate and aggregate; that is, to change from fluid-like state to a thickened-mass (solid) state. |
| B blood type | phenotype IBi |
| AB blood type | phenotype IAIB |
| heterozygous, carrier female for sex linked triat | XNXn |
| dominant male for sex linked trait | XNy |
| recessive male for sex linked trait | Xny |
| homozygous dominant female for sex linked trait | XNXN |
