| A | B |
|---|
| Total body water | 40 L |
| Intracellular fluid | 25L |
| Extracellular fluid | 15L |
| Extracellular Fluid Interstitial Volume | 10L |
| decreased extracellular osmolality | water rush into cell |
| Extracellular fluid blood volume | 5L |
| What crosses membrane? | Hydrophobic Molecules |
| What does not cross membrane? | Glucose, Large molecules (polar), charged molecules |
| the rate of diffusion depends on | Concentration differences across membrane |
| Active Transport | moves solutes against a concentration gradient and requires energy |
| if pH is higher than PKA, the substance found in the blood is | Ionized |
| if pka is higher than PH, the substance found in the blood is | Unionized |
| H+ donors | Acids |
| H+ acceptors | Bases |
| Strong acids | Completely dissociate |
| Weak acids | Dissociate partially |
| Buffer systems | facilitate safe elimination of waste products |
| Henderson-Hasselbach equation | pH-pKa=log ([A-]/[AH]) |
| What is on top of Henderson-Hasselbach Equation? (Acids) | Unprotonated, charged, ionized |
| What is on top of Henderson-Hasselbach Equation? (Bases)) | Unionized, unprotonated, uncharged |
| log10 of 100 is | 2 |
| log10 of 0.01 is | -2 |
| A 15-year-old female presents to the ED complaining of abdominal pain and frequent urination. Blood glucose is 520 mg/dL (reference, <140), pH is 7.30 (reference 7.35-7.45) and osmolality is 330 mOsm/kg (reference, 280-295). Ketones are detected in a urine sample. If the ketone acetoacetic acid has a pKa around 3.3, what will be the ratio of ionized to unionized (A-/AH)acetoacetic acid in this patient’s blood? | 10,000/1 |
| MDMA (“ecstasy”) is a basic drug with a pKa around 9. Some users claim that taking antacids prior to taking ecstasy (pill form) enhances its effects. What’s the biochemical rationale behind this combination? | Antacid will make stomach solution more basic. MDMA stays in stomach longer, cant cross membrane |
| How would an impaired ability to exhale CO2 affect blood pH? | build up of bicarbonate? |
| A cancer patient requests that special molecular profiling studies be performed on his tumor biopsy sample. Which of the following studies could be used to determine if specific genes are being expressed in this patient’s tumor cells? | mRNA analysis |
| Regulating Gene Expression | DNA-> Transcribed to mRNA-> Translated to protein |
| Proteins linked through what kind of bonds? | Peptide bonds |
| “branched-chain” amino acids | leucine, isoleucine, valine |
| Primary structure of proteins | sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Sturcture of proteins | mostly from H-Bonded backbones |
| Tertiary structure of proteins | 3-D, H-bonds, Disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions |
| Quaternary structure of proteins | : proteins with more than one subunit.. Also determined by H-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds or hydrophobic interactions |
| Isoform | proteins that have the same general function but are encoded by different genes |
| Polymorphism | genetic variability at the protein level |
| Polymorphism | May impact disease risk or response to drugs |
