| A | B |
|---|
| Protein Electrophoresis | used to find patterns of expression |
| SDS-Page | cause proteins to have a negative charge that is proportionate to their mass |
| SDS-Page | Distance travelled is directly related to size of the protein ( mass to charge ratio) |
| Protein Electrophoresis | Detection of proteins highly abundant in serum like monoclonal immunoglobulins and albumin. ( bands and dyes) |
| High Performance Liquid Chromatography | column separation |
| High Performance Liquid Chromatography | determine the concentration of both proteins and small molecules |
| High Performance Liquid Chromatography | can separate proteins or small molecules based on size, charge, or binding to a specific molecules |
| Sickle cell is diagnosed through mainly | High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
| Mass Spectrometry | Gets hit with electrons causing the molecules in the sample to break into charged fragments |
| Mass Spectrometry | Can detect very small amounts of a molecule |
| Mass Spectrometry with HPLC | Tells the sequence of the protein and how much there is |
| (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) LC-MS | determine the concentration of either a protein or small molecule |
| Enzymatic Assays | specific to the analyte being measured |
| Enzymatic Assays | measurement of blood glucose concentration using the glucose oxidase test |
| Immunoassays | advantage of the properties of antibodies |
| Nephelometry | based on antigen-antibody complexes for large aggregates that precipitate, and are detected by measuring scattered light |
| Proteomics | the investigation of all of the proteins expressed by a cell, organism, or specific tissue |
| Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) use | radioactive detection, fluorescent detection, colorimetric detection |
| Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) can help find | one of the most common formats for determining the concentration of molecules in biological samples |
| Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) detects molecules | more sensitive and can detect molecules at much lower concentrations |
| Lateral Flow Assays (LFA) | Home pregnancy test tells that there is HCG, but not how much |
| immunohistochemistry | Detection of proteins in tissue specimens such as biopsy samples |
| protein chip/microarray | thousands of specific antibodies attached to a small solid surface |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | specific regions of DNA can be amplified for additional testing |
| DNA sequencing | Often targeted to only sequence specific genes for which polymorphisms or mutations associated with disease have been identified |
| Blotting | technique whereby DNA, RNA or proteins that have been separated by electrophoresis are transferred onto membranes and then “probed” with a tagged complementary sequence or antibody in order to detect a sequence or protein of interest |
| DNA fingerprinting | RFLP, STR and VNTR analyses |
| DNA microarray analysis | coating a chip with thousands of single stranded DNA sequences from different genes. Nucleic acid samples from the patient are then allowed to bind to the chip |
| Northern blotting | detection of RNA |
| Southern blotting | detection of DNA |
| Western blotting | detection of proteins |
| Lateral Flow Assays (LFA) | common format for antigen tests used to diagnose viral infections such as influenza and SARS-CoV2 |
| immunohistochemistry | similar to ELISA except the solid support is a microscope slide |
| Flow cytometry | make use of antibodies to sort and count whole cells |
| Proteomics | Provide information that can’t be obtained through genetic or genomic techniques |
| Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) | sequence >8 bases repeated multiple times |
| Short Tandem Repeats (STR) | sequence of 2-7 bases repeated multiple times |
| VNTR and STRs are usually found in | non-coding DNA |
| Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) | may result in phenotypic differences like in genes for drug-metabolizing enzymes may change their level of expression or catalytic activity |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | often the first step in preparing a patient sample for sequencing |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | enables forensic DNA testing using single drops of blood or other tiny bits of physical evidence |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | SNP identification and measurement of viral RNA and DNA |
| restriction endonucleases | DNA clipped into smaller fragments. Sequence specific. |
| electrophoresis | VNTR and STR can be detected by |
| If a polymorphism occurs in a restriction enzyme site | that enzyme will no longer cut the DNA in that location |
| restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) can be detected | By cutting, separating and visualizing DNA |
| restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) | can be the result of substitution, deletion or insertion mutations |
| sequencing and DNA microarrays | Southern blotting and DNA fingerprinting has been replaced by |
| DNA microarray analysis | applications including determining which mRNAs are being expressed in patient samples and detection of infectious agents |
| can also be used to test for SNPs (often referred to as genotyping) | DNA microarray analysis |
