| A | B |
|---|
| Autocrine | Target sites on same cell |
| Paracrine | Target adjacent cell |
| Endocrine | Hormone secreted into the blood |
| Neurocrine | more rapid and targeted than endocrine or neuroendocrine ( falls in paracrine) |
| Neuroendocrine | First through neuron, then through blood (falls in endocrine) |
| Small Molecule | Amine, neurotransmitters |
| Small molecule | Thyroid Hormones |
| Lipid Derivative | Steroid, Eicosanoid |
| Steroid | aldosterone |
| Eicosonoid | Prostaglandin, leukotrienes |
| Peptides/Proteins | Cytokines and Growth Factors, many hormones |
| Made in advance and then secreted | Hormones |
| Steroids are what? | Secreted as they are synthesized, not stored in vesicles |
| Acetly-CoA+ Choline-> Acetylcholine ( Enzyme used?) | Choline Acetyltransferase |
| Acetylcholine | stored in vesicles- released in quanta |
| What do you use to block acetylcholinesterase? | ? |
| Acetylcholine receptors can be | Ionotropic or metabotropic |
| Ionotropic | Nicotinic AChR |
| Metabotropic | Muscarinic AChR |
| Ionotropic is what type | ligand-gated on postsynpse |
| Metabotropic is what? | coupled to heterotrimeric G protein |
| Ionotropic causes | muscle contraction |
| metabotropic causes | changes in heartrate, breathing, etc |
| Voltage Gated | inside membrane becomes positive and opens |
| ligand gated | binds something and opens (can be ion channel or G-Protein coupled) |
| kinase | adds PO4 |
| Phosphatase | inactivates by taking PO4 away |
| GEFs Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors | mediates exchange of GDP and GTP (Activates) |
| GTPase activity | Intrinsic to G-Proteins |
| rate of GTP cleavage determines | how long the G-protein is in a form that can activate downstream signals |
| GTPase activating (accelerating) proteins (GAPs) | enhance GTPase activity |
| What does cAMP activate? | Protein Kinase A |
| Activation of protein kinase A can lead to relaxation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. Explain why the phosphodiesterase inhibitor Cilostazol can be used to treat intermittent muscle pain caused by vessel narrowing in patients with atherosclerosis. | ? do for homework |
| Phospholipase C generates | DAG and IP3 |
| DAG | remains associated with the membrane and activates protein kinase C |
| IP3 | triggers calcium release from the ER |
| PI-3 Kinase generates | generates PI 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) |
| PIP3 results in | docking of the pleckstrin homology domain |
| In the absence of thyroid hormone | the receptor is bound to a corepressor |
| Co-activators are important for | enabling intracellular receptors to stimulate transcription |
| More receptors equals | better chance of binding and is more sensitive to the hormone |
| Spare receptors means | get max effect with less bound receptors |
| Magnitude of cellular response is proportional to | number of bound receptors |
| Sensitivity can be changed | with regulation of of expression of receptor proteins |
