| A | B |
|---|
| atom | smallest portion of an element found in the periodic chart; ex: carbon |
| biomolecule | an organic molecule produced by a living organism |
| chemical bond | a connection made between atoms when electrons are attracted |
| condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) | a chemical reaction that combines smaller molecules and forms water as a byproduct; the reaction is often used to FORM polymers |
| covalent bond | a chemical bond formed when elements share electrons |
| hydrolysis reaction | a chemical reaction between water and another molecule that breaks down the molecule into simpler molecules; the reaction splits a water molecule to break apart a polymer into monomers |
| inorganic molecule | a molecule that is not organic; most (but not all) do not include carbon; ex: include water (H2O) |
| ion | an electrically charge "atom" that has either gained or lost electrons |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond formed when elements transfer (donate or accept) electrons |
| macromolecules (macronutrients) | the large biomolecules that make up living organisms; include proteins |
| molecule | a chemical combination of two or more atoms that forms a separate substance; for example |
| monomer | a small molecule that may be chemically bonded to other like molecules to form a polymer |
| organic molecules | carbon-containing molecules that are generally associated with living organisms |
| polymer | a long chain of monomers (small |
| polymerization | the chemical process of combining monomers to form a polymer; often uses condensation reactions |
| carbohydrate | an organic molecule made up of carbon |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide used in the cell walls of plants to give cells structural support |
| chitin | a polysaccharide that contains nitrogen groups; used to strengthen the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects and the cell walls of many kinds of fungi |
| disaccharide | a polymer of two simple sugars combined into one molecule |
| glucose | a monosaccharide produced by plants during photosynthesis; main source of energy for cells |
| glycogen | a polysaccharide made by animal cells to store energy |
| monosaccharide | A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |
| polysaccharide | a polymer of sugar |
| saccharide | another name for 'sugar' or for a sugar polymer |
| starch | a polysaccharide made by plants to store energy |
| cholesterol | a type of steroid used in cell membranes and also used to make steroid hormones |
| fat | a type of lipid used to store energy and a source of fatty acids |
| fatty acid | an organic acid that contains a long chain of hydrocarbons (carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms) |
| hydrophilic | 'water-loving'; attracted to water |
| hydrophobic | 'water-fearing';repelled by water |
| lipids | organic molecules made up of carbon |
| monounsaturated fat | a fat that has one double carbon-to-carbon bond |
| phospholipid | a type of lipid that helps to make up cell membranes |
| polyunsaturated fat | a fat that has more than one double carbon-to-carbon bonds |
| saturated fat | a fat that has all single carbon-to-carbon bonds and the maximum number of hydrogens attached to each carbon |
| wax | a type of lipid that is used to waterproof leaves |
| steroid | a type of lipid that can be present in cell membranes or can make up certain hormones |
| amino acids | organic molecules that are building blocks of proteins |
| nitrogen | an element found in amino acids and proteins but NOT typically found in carbohydrates or fats |
| peptide bond | a bond between each amino acid in a protein |
| polypeptide | a chain of amino acids |
| protein | an organic molecule with many important functions; the main structural component of muscle |
| activation energy | the energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place |
| active site | the part of an enzyme that 'attaches to' a substrate |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction |
| denature | to change the structure of a protein so that it no longer functions in the same way |
| enzyme | a biological catalyst that enables chemical reactions to take place in cells |
| enzyme-substrate complex | the structure that is formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme |
| metabolic pathway | a series of reactions |
| pH | a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance |
| substrate | a substance that is changed by an enzyme |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a nucleic acid molecule made up of two long strands of nucleotides in the shape of a double helix that contains deoxyribose sugar and that stores genetic information |
| double helix | the shape |
| nucleic acid | an organic molecule that contains carbon |
| nucleotide | a molecule that contains a sugar |
| phosphate | a group of atoms that contains phosphorus and oxygen; makes up a part of nucleic acids |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a nucleic acid molecule that contains ribose sugar |
| a- | not |
| aero- | air |
| anti- | against |
| auto- | self |
| bi- | two |
| bio- | biot- |
| -bios | life |
| chloro- | green |
| co-/com-/con- | together |
| cyto- | cell |
| di- | diplo- |
| endo- | within |
| ex- | exo- |
| geo- | the earth |
| gluco- | glyco- |
| -graphy | the science of |
| haplo- | single |
| hetero- | other |
| homeo- | homo- |
| hydra- | hydro- |
| hyper- | over |
| hypo- | under |
| iso- | same |
| -lysis | split |
| macro- | large |
| meio- | less |
| micro- | small |
| mono- | one |
| muta- | change |
| -ology | study of |
| -phil | loving |
| -phob | fearing |
| photo- | light |
| -phyll | leaf |
| poly | many |
| sym- | with |
| -troph | food |
| uni- | one |
