| A | B |
|---|
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | a biomolecule used by living organisms to store and release energy |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | a biomolecule that can be converted to ATP with the addition of one phosphate group |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| Metabolism | the chemical processes that occur within a cell in order to maintain life. |
| Potential energy | energy that is stored |
| Autotroph/Producer | organisms such as plants that usually use energy directly from the sun to produce glucose and other carbohydrates |
| Calvin Cycle | the stage of photosynthesis that does not require light |
| carbon fixation | the process of converting the inorganic carbon found in carbon dioxide to organic carbon in glucose |
| Chlorophyll | the green pigment found in plant cells (and photosynthetic autotrophs); where photosynthesis takes place |
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plant (and photosynthetic autotrophs) where photosynthesis occurs |
| Granum | A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast (plural: grana) |
| Heterotrophs or consumers | organisms such as animals that obtain energy by consuming plants and other animals |
| Photosynthesis | process used by autotrophs that uses the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose (simple sugar) and oxygen |
| Stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; where the Calvin cycle takes place. |
| Thylakoids | sac-like membranes found within chloroplasts that contain the photosynthetic pigments |
| Aerobic respiration | process that requires oxygen to produce a net of approximately 36 molecules of ATP for every one molecule of glucose |
| Alcoholic fermentation | anaerobic cellular respiration that occurs in plants and other microorganisms such as yeast |
| anaerobic respiration | process that does not require oxygen and produces a net of 2 molecules of ATP for every one molecule of glucose |
| cellular respiration | process that converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water and stores energy as ATP |
| Electron transport chain | the part of aerobic respiration that occurs in the mitochondria after the Krebs cycle and produces a net of 36 more ATP molecules for every one molecule of glucose |
| Glycolysis | the first step in cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm and converts one molecule of glucose to a net of two molecules of ATP |
| Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | part of aerobic respiration that takes place in the mitochondria and produces 2 ATP for every one molecule of glucose; also called the citric acid cycle |
| lactic acid fermentation | anaerobic cellular respiration that occurs in animals and some bacteria |
| Mitochondria | cell organelle where aerobic respiration takes place |
| a- | not, without |
| aero- | air |
| anti- | against |
| auto- | self |
| bi- | two |
| bio-/biot- | life |
| -bios | life, living |
| chloro- | green |
| co-/com-/con- | together, with |
| cyto- | cell |
| di-/diplo- | two |
| endo- | within, inner |
| ex-/exo- | out, outside |
| geo- | the earth |
| gluco-/glyco- | sweet, sugar |
| -graphy | the science of |
| haplo- | single |
| hetero- | other, different |
| homeo-/homo- | same, alike |
| hydra-/hydro- | water |
| hyper- | over, excessive |
| hypo- | under, below |
| iso- | same |
| -lysis | split |
| macro- | large |
| meio- | less |
| micro- | small |
| mono- | one |
| muta- | change |
| -ology | study of |
| -phil | loving |
| -phob | fearing |
| photo- | light |
| -phyll | leaf |
| poly | many |
| sym- | with, together |
| -troph | food, nourishment |
| uni- | one |
| active transport | processes, such as endocytosis and exocytosis, that require some of the cell's energy |
| cell membrane | the membrane that surrounds the contents of a cell and allows only certain things into and out of the cell |
| cellular transport | the movement of materials into and out of cells |
| fluid mosaic model | the way of describing the structure and function of a cell membrane; includes the phospholipid bilayer, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol |
| homeostasis | the process of keeping the internal conditions of an organism stable |
| hydrophilic | attracted to water or able to be dissolved in water; water-loving |
| hydrophobic | repelled by water or not able to be dissolved in water; water-fearing |
| passive transport | processes, such as osmosis and diffusion, that do not require energy from the cell |
| phospholipid bilayer | the two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged tail to tail that help to make up cell membranes |
| polar | having a partial positive electrical charge on one end and a partial negative electrical charge on the other end |
| semi-permeable | a property of cell membranes that allows only certain things to cross but not others |
| concentration gradient | a difference in the concentration of ions or other dissolved particles between two regions |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| dynamic equilibrium | the state of having equal concentrations as molecules move into and out of a cell at the same rate |
| facilitated diffusion | the diffusion of molecules across a membrane through special proteins in the membrane |
| transport proteins | proteins present in the cell membrane that allow different types of substances to pass through the membrane |
| hypertonic | having a higher solute concentration in the solution outside the cell than inside the cell, causing the cell to shrink |
| hypotonic | having a lower solute concentration in the solution outside the cell than inside the cell, causing the cell to swell |
| isotonic | having equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell |
| osmosis | the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane |
| osmotic pressure | the pressure at which osmosis (the flow of water across a membrane) stops |
| solute | dissolved particles in a solution |
| turgor pressure | the pressure created by osmosis as water enters into a plant cell |
| active transport | a process that requires energy to move a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration |
| endocytosis | process used by a cell to take in large particles |
| exocytosis | process used by a cell to release materials out of the cell |
| transport proteins | a protein present in the cell membrane that helps to move materials into and out of the cell |
| cell | the basic unit of structure and function for living things |
| cell theory | theory that all living organisms are composed of units called cells, that cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things, and that all cells come from other living cells |
| Hooke, Robert | An English physicist who was the first person to observe cells using one of the first light microscopes; gave cells their name |
| Leeuwenhoek, Anton van | a Dutch businessman who was the first to observe living cells in a drop of pond water with a simple microscope |
| Schleiden, Matthias | A German botanist who was the first to introduce the idea that all plants are made up of cells |
| Schwann, Theodor | a German zoologist who introduced the idea that animals are made up of cells |
| Virchow, Rudolf | A German physician who was the first to introduce the idea that all cells are created from other preexisting cells |
| bacteria | living organisms made up of only one prokaryotic cell; singular is bacterium |
| cell membrane | a barrier that separates a cell from its surroundings |
| cilia | short, hair-like projections that some cells use for movement |
| DNA | molecules in a cell that contain genetic information |
| eukaryote | any organism made up of eukaryotic cells; any organism other than bacteria |
| eukaryotic cells | cells that have a true nucleus and make up all other organisms other than bacteria |
| flagella | long, hair-like projections that some single-celled organisms use to propel themselves forward |
| multicellular | having many cells that work together to form an organism |
| organelles | structures within a cell that carry out specific functions |
| prokaryote | an organism made of a single cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus; a bacterium |
| prokaryotic cells | simple cells that do not have a nucleus; this type of cell is found in bacteria |
| ribosome | an organelle found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; help make proteins |
| unicellular | having only one single cell to form an organism; for example, bacteria are unicellular |
| cell membrane | controls what goes in and out of the cell |
| mitochondrion | 'powerhouse' that produces energy for the cell |
| nucleolus | produces ribosomes |
| nucleus | controls cellular processes; contains DNA |
| vacuole | stores water, salts, wastes, etc. |
| chloroplast | found only in plant cells; contains chlorophyll |
| cell wall | provides extra support for plant and fungus cells |
| nuclear membrane | surrounds the fluid part of the nucleus and allows ribosomes and ions to exit the nucleus |
| endoplasmic reticulum | produces and transports materials, especially proteins |
| Golgi apparatus (Golgi body) | helps to package and to distribute proteins and lipids in the cell |
| cytoplasm | jelly-like fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus that fills the space between organelles; cell gel |
| cell wall | cellulose structure that surrounds plant cells and gives them support and protection |
| cellular respiration | the process used by cells to release energy by converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water; takes place in the mitochondria |
| centrioles | organelles usually found in pairs and made up of microtubules; play a role in forming the spindle apparatus and the cleave furrow during animal cell division |
| chloroplasts | organelles that are unique to plant cells (and some algae); used in photosynthesis |
| chitin | a polysaccharide that contains nitrogen; commonly found in the cell walls of fungi |
| contractile vacuole | a special organelle found in protists that pumps water out of the cell |
| kingdoms | the six large groups into which all living organisms are classified; the six kingdoms are archaebacteria, eubacteria, protist, fungi, plant, and animal |
| lysosomes | organelles found only in animal cells; store enzymes involved in intracellular; store enzymes involved in intracellular digestion |
| photosynthesis | a process used by plants; converts light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen |
| pseudopod | a temporary extension of cytoplasm used by some single-celled organisms to move |
| vacole | a large organelle in most plant cells that is filled mostly with water and helps to give the cell structural support |
| cellular differentiation | process that creates different types of specialized cells |
| organ | different types of tissue that work together to perform a function |
| organ system | different organs that together to carry out a function |
| organism | a complete living thing, whether unicellular or multicellular |
| stem cells | special cells that can differentiate into more specific types of cells |
| tissue | a group of cells that work together to perform a function |
| capsid | the protein shell of a virus that surrounds its genetic material |
| host cell | a living cell that is infected with a virus |
| viral envelope | a layer of lipids similar to a cellular membrane that surrounds the capsid of some viruses |
| virus | a tiny particle that contains RNA or DNA and can infect or kill living cells; generally not considered to be a living organism |
| atom | smallest portion of an element found in the periodic chart; ex: carbon, oxygen, gold |
| biomolecule | an organic molecule produced by a living organism |
| chemical bond | a connection made between atoms when electrons are attracted, shared, or transferred |
| condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) | a chemical reaction that combines smaller molecules and forms water as a byproduct; the reaction is often used to FORM polymers |
| covalent bond | a chemical bond formed when elements share electrons |
| hydrolysis reaction | a chemical reaction between water and another molecule that breaks down the molecule into simpler molecules; the reaction splits a water molecule to break apart a polymer into monomers |
| inorganic molecule | a molecule that is not organic; most (but not all) do not include carbon; ex: include water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), table salt (NaCl), and carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| ion | an electrically charge "atom" that has either gained or lost electrons |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond formed when elements transfer (donate or accept) electrons |
| macromolecules (macronutrients) | the large biomolecules that make up living organisms; include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| molecule | a chemical combination of two or more atoms that forms a separate substance; for example, one molecule of water (H2O) is made up of two hydrogen atoms and oxygen atom |
| monomer | a small molecule that may be chemically bonded to other like molecules to form a polymer |
| organic molecules | carbon-containing molecules that are generally associated with living organisms |
| polymer | a long chain of monomers (small, repeating molecules) |
| polymerization | the chemical process of combining monomers to form a polymer; often uses condensation reactions |
| carbohydrate | an organic molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO); used as a source of energy & gives structure to some types of cells |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide used in the cell walls of plants to give cells structural support |
| chitin | a polysaccharide that contains nitrogen groups; used to strengthen the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects and the cell walls of many kinds of fungi |
| disaccharide | a polymer of two simple sugars combined into one molecule |
| glucose | a monosaccharide produced by plants during photosynthesis; main source of energy for cells |
| glycogen | a polysaccharide made by animal cells to store energy |
| monosaccharide | A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |
| polysaccharide | a polymer of sugar, meaning a long chain of sugar molecules chemically linked together |
| saccharide | another name for 'sugar' or for a sugar polymer |
| starch | a polysaccharide made by plants to store energy |
| cholesterol | a type of steroid used in cell membranes and also used to make steroid hormones |
| fat | a type of lipid used to store energy and a source of fatty acids |
| fatty acid | an organic acid that contains a long chain of hydrocarbons (carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms) |
| hydrophilic | 'water-loving'; attracted to water |
| hydrophobic | 'water-fearing';repelled by water |
| lipids | organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO); but unlike carbohydrates, they do not dissolve in water |
| monounsaturated fat | a fat that has one double carbon-to-carbon bond |
| phospholipid | a type of lipid that helps to make up cell membranes |
| polyunsaturated fat | a fat that has more than one double carbon-to-carbon bonds |
| saturated fat | a fat that has all single carbon-to-carbon bonds and the maximum number of hydrogens attached to each carbon |
| wax | a type of lipid that is used to waterproof leaves, skin, feathers, etc. |
| steroid | a type of lipid that can be present in cell membranes or can make up certain hormones |
| amino acids | organic molecules that are building blocks of proteins |
| nitrogen | an element found in amino acids and proteins but NOT typically found in carbohydrates or fats |
| peptide bond | a bond between each amino acid in a protein |
| polypeptide | a chain of amino acids |
| protein | an organic molecule with many important functions; the main structural component of muscle, skin, bone, etc.; made of CHON(S) |
| activation energy | the energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place |
| active site | the part of an enzyme that 'attaches to' a substrate |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction |
| denature | to change the structure of a protein so that it no longer functions in the same way |
| enzyme | a biological catalyst that enables chemical reactions to take place in cells |
| enzyme-substrate complex | the structure that is formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme |
| metabolic pathway | a series of reactions, one after another, that occurs in a cell |
| pH | a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance |
| substrate | a substance that is changed by an enzyme |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a nucleic acid molecule made up of two long strands of nucleotides in the shape of a double helix that contains deoxyribose sugar and that stores genetic information |
| double helix | the shape, similar to a twisted ladder, of a DNA molecule |
| nucleic acid | an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHOPN); makes up RNA and DNA |
| nucleotide | a molecule that contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base; unit links together to form RNA and DNA |
| phosphate | a group of atoms that contains phosphorus and oxygen; makes up a part of nucleic acids |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a nucleic acid molecule that contains ribose sugar |
