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| NUCLEUS | large, oval structure found in both plant and animal cells. It controls and regulates all cell activities. It contains genetic material. |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHLOROPLASTS | FOUND IN PLANT CELL & CONTAINS THE CHEMICAL CHLORPHYLL |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes carbohydrates, lipids, fats and such. No ribosomes on this organelle |
| LYSOSOME | Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| CYTOSKELETON | Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| CILIA | MULTIPLE, SHORT, HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS OFF OF MANY TYPES OF ANIMAL CELLS FOR TRANSPORTING FLUIDS OR PARTICLES |
| FLAGELLA | SINGLE OR FEW, WHIP-LIKE PROJECTION OFF A CELL THAT AIDES IN MOVEMENT. |
| CENTRIOLE | FORM SPINDLE FIBERS DURING CELL DIVISION |
| MICROTUBULE | PART OF CYTOSKELETON THAT MOVES ORGANELLES AROUND THE CELL |
| MICROFILAMENTS | FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM, THINNEST PART OF CYTOSKELETON |
| NUCLEOPLASM | Fluid in the nucleus. |
| PLASTIDS | Contain pigments, food making, food storage |
| PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE | Regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Defines the area of the cell. Separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. |
| NUCLEUS | Contains the hereditary information (DNA). Controls the cell by providing the information to make specific proteins. |
| VESICLES | - Form by pinching off from other membranes. - Fuse with other membranes when they come into contact. - Used to transport materials. |
| ORGANELLE | cell parts with specialized function |
| CYTOSKELETON | A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell |
| CHROMATIN | A material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | responsible for the production and secretion of steroid hormones. |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | functions for detoxification, which is the removal of all the toxic materials such as (metabolic wastes or drugs) |
| CISTERNAE | refers to any of the flattened disks of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | associated with protein synthesis and also plays a vital role in protein folding |
| CYTOLOGY | STUDY OF CELLS |
| ROBERT HOOKE | 1665 -English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells |
| MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN | 1838 German botanist who determined plants are composed of cells. |
| RUDOLF VIRCHOW | 1858 - A doctor who stated that all living cells come from other living cells (part 3 of the cell theory) |
| ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK | 1673 Dutch naturalist who created a very powerful (for the time period) single lens microscope, He observed pond water. In pond scum he discovered small animals he called animalcules,or little animals (protists),and also discovered bacteria while examining scraping of crud from his teeth. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| THEODORE SCHWANN | German physiologist, histologist, & zoologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of animal tissue (1810-1882) |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| EU | true |
| PRO | before |
| KARY | nucleus |
| BIOLOGY | study of life |
| THEORY | well-substantiated explanation or a set of statements that have been confirmed over the course of many independent experiments |
| LAW | a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the world |
| SCIENCE | gaining knowledge by the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | an organism makes more of itself without exchanging genetic information with another organism--offspring has exactly the same genetic information as the parent |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different genders-results in genetic variation of offspring different from parents |
| METABOLISM | the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material. |
| RESPONSE | living things detect and respond to stimuli from their environment-may be positive or negative |
| STIMULUS | a signal to which an organism responds |
| UNICELLULAR | single celled |
| MULTICELLULAR | many cells |
| GENETIC CODE | Directions for inherited characteristics are carried by a DNA. |
| HOMEOSTASIS | the ability of a living thing to maintain the same internal conditions in order to stay alive. |
| EVOLUTION | the process of change in living things that happens over time |
| REPRODUCTION | the process living things go through to make new organisms • DNA is passed from parent to offspring |
| POSITIVE RESPONSE | movement towards stimulus |
| NEGATIVE RESPONSE | movement away from stimulus |
| ADAPTATION | process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment; it is the result of natural selection's acting upon heritable variation over several generations. |
| FLAGELLA | long, thin, whip-like appendages that move the bacteria towards nutrients and other attractants |
| CAPSULE | polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope, and is thus deemed part of the outer envelope of a bacterial cell |
| PILUS/FIMBRIA | hair like structure found on the surface of bacteria cells used for attaching themselves to other cells |
| ORGANELLES | mini organs that carry out cell functions |
| CELL MEMBRANE | thin membrane that forms the outer surface of the protoplasm of a cell and regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell |
| CYTOPLASM | fluid that fills the cell, which includes the cytosol along with filaments, proteins, ions and macromolecular structures as well as the organelles suspended in the cytosol. |
| NUCLEUS | membrane-bound structure that contains a cell's hereditary information and controls its growth and reproduction. |
| CARBOHYDRATES | attach to proteins & through chemical reactions identify chemicals that are trying to enter or leave the cell. |
| PROTEINS | form channels & pump to move materials across the membrane |
| CHOLESTEROL | makes the bilayer stronger, more flexible but less fluid, and less permeable to water-soluble substances such as ions and mono saccharides. |
| PHOSPHOLIPIDS | class of lipids which makes up cell membrane whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic "tails" |
| HYDROPHOBIC | resists water |
| HYDROPHILLIC | attracted to water |
| HYDRO | water |
| -phobic | aversion |
| -phillic | attraction to |
| PERMEABLE | having pores or openings that allow substances to pass through |
