| A | B |
|---|
| thermodynamics | study of flow and transformation of energy through living things |
| entropy | measure of energy in a system that cannot be used to do work |
| energy | ability to do work |
| work | ability to change or move matter against other forces |
| metabolism | refers to all chemical reactions in a cell |
| producers | make energy for themselves |
| autotrophs | use light or chemicals to produce energy |
| photoautotrophs | obtain energy from the sun and store in organic compounds |
| chemoautotrophs | use inorganic substance as source of energy |
| heterotrophs | obtain energy from other organisms |
| catabolic | energy is released as a result of larger molecules being broken down |
| anabolic | builds larger molecules |
| cellular respiration | energy process which takes place in ALL eukaryotic cells |
| cellular respiration | occurs in cytoplasm AND mitochondria |
| cellular respiration | usable energy released in the form of ATP |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | energy produced during cellular respiration |
| product | found on right side of chemical reaction |
| reactants | found on the left side of chemical reactions |
| LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY | ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER |
| MITOCHONDRIA | CELL STRUCTURE THAT PRODUCES ATP |
| RESPIRATION | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY |
| MACROMOLECULES | VERY LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULE NECESSARY FOR GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF LIVING ORGANISMS. CLASSES ARE LIPIDS, PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS |
| 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) |
| 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | Heat is a form of energy which can be neither created nor destroyed but can be changed in form |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT | group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions |
| CHEMIOSMOSIS | PRODUCES ATP WITH ELECTRON TRANSPORT |
| NAD+ | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE | NADH |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane |
| NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. phosphate hydrogen |
| NADP | Short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| a or an | non or not |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| air | aero |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT | group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions |
| CHEMIOSMOSIS | CHEMIOSMOSIS PRODUCES ATP WITH ELECTRON |
| NADP+ELECTRON CARRIER | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| NADH | ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane | the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane |
| CRISTAE | partial partitions in a mitochondrion formed by infolding of the inner membrane. |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| FERMENTATION | BREAKS DOWN GLUCOSE WITHOUT OXYGEN |
| CARBON DIOXIDE | CO2 |
| GLUCOSE | C6H1206 |
| FERMENTATION | anaerobic reaction that produces small amount of energy |
| FERMENTATION | examples are alcoholic and lactic acid |
| anaerobic | occurs without oxygen |
| aerobic | occurs in presence of oxygen |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| NADP+ | ELECTRON CARRIER |
| NADPH | ENERGY CARRIER & STORAGE MOLECULE |
| NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. phosphate hydrogen |
| NADP | Short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP. |
| CYTOSOL | FLUID AROUND OUTER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA |
| GLYCOLOSIS | the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid |
| GLYCOLOSIS | OCCURS IN CYTOSOL |
| oxidative phosphorylation | synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport and which takes place in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration |
| Pyruvate oxidation | the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. |
| Pyruvate oxidation | phase of aerobic respiration, pyruvate is oxidized in order to release energy. |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6C02 + 6H20 + ATP |
| KREB'S CYCLE | ALSO KNOWN AS CITRIC ACID CYCLE |
| PYRUVATE | ALSO KNOW AS PYRUVIC ACID |
| PYRUVATE | end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available. |
| ATP SYNTHASE | enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| non or not | a or an |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| air | aero |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT | group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions |
| CHEMIOSMOSIS | CHEMIOSMOSIS PRODUCES ATP WITH ELECTRON |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | the series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane |
| CRISTAE | partial partitions in a mitochondrion formed by infolding of the inner membrane. |
| KREB'S CYCLE | the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| FERMENTATION | BREAKS DOWN GLUCOSE WITHOUT OXYGEN |
| CARBON DIOXIDE | CO2 |
| glucose | C6H1206 |
| LYSIS | break down /split/divide |
| glucose | glyco |
| FADH2 | donate electrons to the electron transport chain |
| FADH2 | donate electrons by providing hydrogen molecule to the oxygen molecule to create water during the electron transport chain |
| matrix | space within the inner membrane, ontains the enzymes and chemicals of the citric acid cycle, |
| matrix | location responsible for the production of ATP, such as the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of pyruvate |
| catabolic | type of reaction involves breakdown of small molecules from digestion into even smaller ones as ATP is created |
