| A | B |
|---|
| chemical messengers released into the bloodstream | hormones |
| structure of the pituitary gland | approximately the size of a pea; located at the base of the brain |
| function of the pituitary gland | produces hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands |
| structure of adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of pituitary gland |
| function of adenohypophysis | produces and secretes many hormones |
| growth hormone (GH) | regulates body's growth |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates the adrenal cortex |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid gland |
| gonadotropic hormones | affects the male and female reproductive systems |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) | regulates development, growth, and function of the ovaries and testes |
| prolactin or lactogenic hormone (PRL) | promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after birth of an infant |
| structure of neurohypopysis | posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| function of neurohypopysis | stores and releases oxytocin & ADH |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water |
| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum |
| structure of hypothalamus | located near the pituitary gland in the brain |
| function of hypothalamus | secretes “releasing” hormone that functions to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones |
| structure of thyroid gland | largest endocrine gland located in the neck below the larynx and comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus |
| function of thyroid gland | secretes the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which are necessary for body cell metabolism |
| structure of parathyroid glands | four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid |
| function of parathyroid glands | produces parathormone (PTH) to help maintain the level of calcium in the blood |
| islets of Langerhans | clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas that secrete various hormones including insulin and glucagon |
| structure of adrenal glands or suprarenals | paired glands located above each kidney; outer portion is called the cortex & the inner portion is called the medulla |
| function of adrenal glands or suprarenals | secretes cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, & aldosterone |
| cortisol | secreted by the cortex to aid the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy |
| aldosterone | hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate electrolytes |
| epinephrine & norepinephrine | hormones secreted by the medulla to help the body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations |
| -drome | run, running |
| aden/o | gland |
| adren/o; adrenal/o | adrenal glands |
| cortic/o | cortex |
| endocrin/o | endocrine |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid glands |
| pituitary/o | pituitary gland |
| thyroid/o; thyr/o | thyroid gland |
| acr/o | extremities, height |
| calc/i | calcium |
| dips/o | thirst |
| kal/i | potassium |
| natr/o | sodium |
| acromegaly | enlargement of the extremities and bones of the face caused by excessive production of the growth hormone by the pituitary glands after puberty |
| adenitis | inflammation of a gland |
| adenomegaly | enlargement of a gland |
| adenosis | abnormal condition of a gland |
| adrenalitis | inflammation of the adrenal gland |
| adrenomegaly | enlargement of one or more adrenal glands |
| hypercalcemia | excessive calcium in the blood |
| hyperglycemia | excessive sugar in the blood |
| hyperkalemia | excessive potassium in the blood |
| hyperpituitarism | state of excessive pituitary gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) |
| hyperthyroidism | state of excessive thyroid gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) |
| hypocalcemia | deficient level of calcium in the blood |
| hypoglycemia | deficient level of sugar in the blood |
| hypokalemia | deficient level of potassium in the blood |
| hyponatremia | deficient level of sodium in the blood |
| hypopituitarism | state of deficient pituitary gland activity |
| hypothyroidism | state of deficient thyroid activity |
| panhypopituitarism | state of total deficient pituitary gland activity |
| parathyroidoma | tumor of a parathyroid gland |
| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid gland |
| acidosis | condition brought about by an abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism, seen frequently in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| Addison disease | chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex causing weakness, darkening of skin, loss of appetite, depression, and other emotional problems |
| cretinism | condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland causing puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, and dwarfism |
| Cushing syndrome | excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices causing abnormally pigmented skin, “moon face,” pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, “buffalo hump” (fat on the upper back), wasting away of muscle, and hypertension |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| polyuria | large amounts of urine |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland causing polydipsia & polyuria |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by the underactivity of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which results in insufficient production of insulin |
| gigantism | condition brought about by overproduction of the pituitary growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Graves disease | a disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos) |
| exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs |
| ketosis | condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies |
| metabolic syndrome | group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity characterized by excessive fat around the waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of the ‘good’ cholesterol HPL. Risks include development of type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, and stroke |
| myxedema | condition resulting from a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine causing puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia |
| pheochromocytoma | tumor of the adrenal medulla characterized by hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain |
| tetany | condition resulting in spasms of the nerves and muscles that result from low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone |
| thyrotoxicosis | a condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones |
| adenectomy | excision of a gland |
| adrenalectomy | excision of an adrenal gland |
| parathyroidectomy | excision of a parathyroid gland |
| thyroidectomy | excision of the thyroid gland |
| thyroidotomy | incision of the thyroid gland |
| thyroparathyroidectomy | excision of the thyroid gland & parathyroid glands |
| radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) | a nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function by use of radioactive iodine |
| thyroid scan | a nuclear medicine test that shows the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland used to detect tumors & nodules |
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) | a blood test to determine the amount of glucose ) in the blood after fasting for 8-10 hours |
| glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) | a blood test that measures the average blood sugar concentration over the life span of the red blood cell |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH) | a blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood used to diagnose hyperthyroidism |
| thyroxine level (T4) | a blood study that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient’s blood |
| adrenocorticohyperplasia | excessive development of the adrenal cortex |
| adrenopathy | disease of the adrenal gland |
| cortical | pertaining to the cortex |
| corticoid | resembling the cortex |
| endocrinologist | a physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system |
| endocrinology | a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the endocrine system |
| endocrinopathy | any disease of the endocrine system |
| euglycemia | blood sugar within the normal range |
| euthyroid | resembling a normal functioning thyroid gland |
| syndrome | set of symptoms that occur together that are characteristic of a specific disease |
| hormone | a chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue |
| isthmus | narrow strip of tissue connecting two large parts in the body, such as the isthmus that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland |
| metabolism | sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism |
