| A | B |
|---|
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHROMATIN | plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| HOMEOSTASIS | REGULATION SO INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ARE STABLE |
| ASEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM ONE PARENT |
| SEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM TWO PARENTS |
| a or an | non or not |
| bio | life |
| logy | study of |
| endo | inner, inside |
| auto | self |
| cyto, cyte | cell |
| hetero | different, other |
| hydro | water |
| synthesis | to make/put together |
| photo | light |
| lys | breakdown |
| plasm | form |
| homo | same, alike |
| MITOSIS | the orderly sequence of a cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | the orderly sequence of a cell going through growth and division |
| INTERPHASE | Stage of cell cycle in which the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases |
| S (SYNTHESIS) | the phase during interphase where the DNA replicates itself |
| G1 (GAP 1) | the phase during interphase where the cell grows |
| G2 (GAP 2) | the phase during interphase where the cell prepares to divide by copying its organelles and continues to grow |
| MITOSIS | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| CYTOKINESIS | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| PROPHASE | part of cell division when chromosomes first appear as sister chromatids |
| PROPHASE | part of mitosis when the nucleolus disappears |
| PROPHASE | phase of mitosis when spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromatid |
| PROPHASE | phase of cell division when the nuclear envelope disappears |
| METAPHASE | part of mitosis when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| ANAPHASE | part of mitosis when sister chromatids separate from their partners |
| ANAPHASE | part of cell division when microtubules shorten/length to bring each chromatids to opposite poles of the cell |
| PROPHASE | begins when centrioles reach the poles during cell division |
| TELOPHASE | everything that happened in prophase is reversed |
| TELOPHASE | spindles disappear, nuclear envelopes reappear, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear |
| CYTOKINESIS | completes the cell cycle after division by dividing the cytoplasm |
| CYTOKINESIS | stage of the cell cycle that results in two identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | cytokinesis, interphase, mitosis |
| INTERPHASE | stage of the cell cycle including phases G1, S, G2 |
| CENTRIOLES | move to the poles and shorten spindle fibers to pull chromatids apart during anaphase |
| CENTROMERES | attach sister chromatids together in the middle (intersection of the X) |
| CHROMATIDS | form as dna condenses to make up chromosomes, "sisters" |
| CHROMATIN | single, thread like strands in the nucleus, which contain DNA |
| ASEXUAL | one parent, no genetic diversity, offspring identical to parent as in mitosis |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | chromosomes that are similar size and carrying same traits |
| TELOMERES | a compound structure at the end of a chromosome. |
| SPINDLE FIBERS | microscopic protein structures which help divide genetic material during cell division. |
| DAUGHTER CELLS | two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis |
| DAUGHTER CELLS | genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes |
| CHROMATIN | The relaxed form of DNA in the cell's nucleus |
| SISTER CHROMATID | one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides centromere |
| SPINDLE APPARATUS | moves and organizes the chromosomes before cell division |
| CANCER | uncontrolled cell growth |
| APOPTOSIS | programmed cell death |
| CARCINOGEN | an agent that causes cancer |
| STEM CELL | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions |
| TISSUE | cellular organisational level between cells and a complete organ |
| TISSUE | functional grouping that makes up organs |
| TISSUE | grouping of similar type cells that perform a specific function |
| MUSCLE TISSUE | classification of tissue that carries out movement by contraction |
| NERVE TISSUE | classification of tissue composed of neural and glial cells that serves the body by carrying signals (messages) throughout |
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE | type of tissue that serves as a covering of internal and external surfaces |
| CONNECTIVE TISSUE | type of tissue that provides support for the body and attaches parts of the body together (ie: bone, fat, blood) |
| BONE MARROW | a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced |
| SKELETAL SYSTEM | The framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissues, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs. |
| MUSCLE SYSTEM | organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. |
| CARDIAC MUSCLE | the principal involuntary-muscle tissue of the vertebrate heart made up of striated fibers joined at usually branched ends and functioning in synchronized rhythmic contraction |
| VOLUNTARY MUSCLE | striated muscle that is under the control of the will and is generally attached to the skeleton |
| INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE | a muscle without striations that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels |
| STRIATED MUSCLE | muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils in the cells are aligned in parallel bundles, so that their different regions form stripes visible in a microscope. |
| SMOOTH MUSCLE | having the form of thin layers or sheets made up of spindle-shaped, unstriated cells with single nuclei |
| LIGAMENTS | a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. |
| TENDONS | fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone OR attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball |
| INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN) | set of organs that forms the external covering of the body and protects it from many threats such as infection, desiccation, abrasion, chemical assault and radiation damage |
| EPIDERMIS | the outer layer of the skin made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | the system by which ingested food is acted upon by physical and chemical means to provide the body with absorbable nutrients and to excrete waste products; |
| CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body |
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body |
| ALVEOLI / AVEOLUS | any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange. |
| BRONCHI / BRONCHUS | either of the two primary divisions of the trachea that lead respectively into the right and the left lung |
| EXCRETORY OR URINARY OR RENAL SYSTEM eliminates waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH | eliminates waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM | system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | chemically controls the various functions of cells, tissues, and organs through the secretion of hormones |
| HORMONES | A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs. |
| REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | system of organs and parts which function to produce sex cells in order to carry on the life of a species |
| SKELETAL SYSTEM | system with bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow |
| MUSCLE SYSTEM | system with tendons, diaphragm, heart, biceps, triceps |
| DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | system with mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
| ORGAN SYSTEMS | A group of two or more organs working together for a specific job; |
| homozygous | alleles are identical |
| heterozygous | when the genotype includes both a dominant and a recessive allele |
| genotype | symbols used to represent the alleles of an organism |
| phenotype | written description of the trait we observe in an organism |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| allele | a varying form of a gene |
| purebred | another term for homozygous where alleles are the same |
| Mendel | the father of genetics ( studied pea plants) |
| hybrid | another term for heterozygous where the alleles are different |
| heterozygous | Bb |
| heterozygous | one uppercase letter & one lowercase letter |
| Punnett square | used to predict probable outcomes of crosses |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| chromosomes | coils of DNA which contain genetic information |
| homozygous recessive | bb |
| homozygous recessive | two lowercase letters |
| chromosomes | genes are found on these structures |
| gene | a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| alleles | different forms of the same gene (ex: T or t) |
| homozygous | containing two alleles that are the same (ex: tt or TT) |
| heterozygous | containing two alleles that are different (ex: Tt) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: Tt) |
| phenotype | the physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype (ex: tall) |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| crossing-over | pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged during meiosis |
| mutation | sudden change in structure or amount of DNA |
| karyotype | a chart showing all of an organism's chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs |
| Down's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy 21 |
| Kleinfelter's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy of male sex chromosome |
| Turner's syndrome | chromosomal....single sex chromosome-female |
| sickle cell anemia | monogenic ...results in miss shaped blood cells |
| cystic fibrosis | monogenic/recessive...results in the over production of mucus in the lungs andi intestines |
| Law of Dominance | When an organism is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait can be seen in the hybrid. |
| incomplete dominance | occurs when two alleles contribute to the phenotype;traits blend |
| codominance | both traits are expressed at the same time |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| incomplete dominance | BB' |
| co-domianance | BW |
| complete dominance | Bb |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| sex linked trait | A trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome |
| x linked sex linked trait | A trait that is determined by the allele on X chromosome |
| y linked sex linked trait | A trait determined by the allele on Y chromosome is said to be Y-linked. |
| x linked sex linked (male) | X^C y |
| antibody | a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. |
| Rh factor | protein on the surface of the Red blood cell. |
| agglutinogen | stimulate the formation of agglutinin |
| agglutinin | antibodies generating by our immune system against antigens. |
| agglutinin | substance in the blood that causes particles to coagulate and aggregate; that is, to change from fluid-like state to a thickened-mass (solid) state. |
| PROTEINS | Organisms need nitrogen to make what? |
| NITROGEN CYCLE | The ______ _______ moves nitrogen from the environment into organisms |
| PLANTS | Nitrogen is essential for _________ |
| ROOTS | How do plants get nitrogen? |
| NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA | What changes the nitrogen into a usable form? (In the soil) |
| BACTERIA | What organisms do the nitrogen fixation for plants? |
| NITROGEN CYCLE | The circulation and reutilization of nitrogen in both inorganic and organic phases |
| 78% | How much of earth's atmosphere is nitrogen |
| AMMONIFICATION | Decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia. |
| NITRIFICATION | Ammonium converted into nitrate and nitrite (NO2-) through work of nitrifying bacteria. |
| DENITRIFICATION | Nitrates in the soil are broken down by these organisms, and nitrogen is released into the atmosphere. |
| BACTERIA | large group of one-celled organisms. Some types of bacteria help in the process of nitrogen fixation. |
| AMMONIFICATION | Bacterial process that combine atmospheric nitrogen (N2) w/ hydrogen to make ammonia NH4 |
| ASSIMILATION | Some Nitrite (NO3) is absorbed in plants. |
| DENITRIFICATION | release nitrogen back to the atmosphere |
| PROTEINS, ATP, DNA, & RNA | What biological molecules contain nitrogen? |
| NITRIFICATION | Conversion of ammonium ions NH4+ into nitrites NO2- and nitrates NO3-. |
| DECOMPOSITION | Nitrogen is added to the soil when waste materials and dead organic matter is broken down |
| ABIOTIC | All of the non-living components of an ecosystem |
| BIODIVERSITY | The variety of life in the world in a particular habitat or ecosystem. |
| CLIMAX COMMUNITY | An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment; the final stage of succession |
| ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION | The gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another. |
| EUTROPHICATION | High levels of nutrients are discharged into a waterway. This encourages plant and algae growth. When the plants and algae die, bacteria break them down. The bacteria use oxygen to do this and the oxygen levels go down. Animals and other organisms that live in the water die from lack of oxygen. |
| PIONEER SPECIES | A species that colonizes an uninhabited area: the beginning of primary succession. |
| SUSTAINABILITY | lichens and mosses come in first to stabilize and enrich the soil. |
| SECONDARY SUCCESSION | A type of succession that occurs where an existing community is disturbed, but the soil remains intact |
| LICHENS | the pioneer species in an area where no soil exists. Made of an alga and a fungus living in close association |
| ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION | process by which one community of organisms slowly replaces another in an area |
| CLIMAX COMMUNITY | dominant community of plants and animals that come to live in an area; stable ecosystem |
| PRIMARY SUCCESSION | Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. |
| PIONEER SPECIES | lichens and mosses come in first to stabilize and enrich the soil. |
| SUCCESSION | the series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. |
| CLIMAX COMMUNITY | A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time |
| SECONDARY SUCCESSION | takes place where a community had been removed; soil is present |
| PRIMARY SUCCESSION | slower process, builds new land, has pioneer species |
| PRIMARY SUCCESSION | occurs on an area of newly exposed rock, sand, lava, or any area that has not been occupied previously by any living community; no soil is present |
| SECONDARY SUCCESSION | occurs faster, rebuilds land, has soil |
| PIONEERY SPECIES | First species to populate an area during primary succession |
| GROUNDWATER | water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock. |
| PERCOLATION | the movement of water through the soil itself |
| FLORA | PLANT LIFE |
| FAUNA | ANIMAL LIFE |
| CLIMATE | The amount of rain fall and temperature in an are |
| CONDENSATION | the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water |
| PRECIPITATION | rain, snow, sleet, hail |
| EVAPORATION | the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor |
| RUNOFF | water flowing accross the land surface due to gravity |
| TRANSPIRATION | the evaporation of water through minute pores, or stomata, in the leaves of plants |
| CARRYING CAPACITY | Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support. |
| DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTOR | Factors, such as starvation, that increase directly as the population density increases |
| DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTOR | Limiting factor whose effects on a population are constant regardless of population density. |
| INVASIVE SPECIES | Plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native. |
| LIMITING FACTOR | Anything that restricts the size of a population. |
| DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTOR | include factors such as competition, predation, parasitism and disease. |
| DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTOR | All species populations in the same ecosystem will be similarly affected, regardless of population size. Factors include: weather, climate and natural disasters. |
| NITROGEN FIXATION | conversion of nitrogen gas into nitrogen containing substances |
| 1. Biome 2. Ecosystem 3. Community 4. Population 5. Organism | List the five levels of organization for an environment in order |
| Abiotic | Non-living parts of an ecosystem |
| Biotic | Living parts of an ecosystem |
| Food chain | Pathway which energy follows from producer to consumer |
| Producer | Organism that is capable of making its own food |
| Consumer | Organism that relies on producers as a food source |
| Predator | One that captures, kills, and consumes another |
| Prey | One that us captured, killed and consumed by another |
| Biotic potential | Ability of an ecosystem to maintain life |
| Carrying capacity | Number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support |
| Succession | Sequential replacement of populations in an ecosystem |
| Biome | Geographic area with characteristic plants, animals,& climate |
| Ecosystem | All the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment |
| Ecology | Study of organisms and their environment |
| Biosphere | Area on and around earth where life exists |
| Community | All the populations in an area |
| Population | All the members of a species in an area |
| Species | Group of organisms capable of producing fertile offspring in the natural environment |
| Habitat | Physical area where an organism lives |
| Niche | The way of life of a species, the role the species plays in its ecosystem |
| Climate | The amount of rain fall and temperature in an area |
| Herbivore | Animals that eat only plants |
| Carnivore | Animals that eat only other animals |
| Omnivore | Animals that eat both plants and animals |
| climate | a region's long-term weather pattern. The "usual" weather. |
| polar region | biome extends from above the 60° North latitude and 60° South latitude, coldest biome, very dry with sparse precipitation |
| tundra | biome found only in the Northern Hemisphere just south of the North Polar Region, very cold and dry, permanently frozen ground called permafrost |
| taiga | biome also called Boreal Forest, south of Tundra in the Northern Hemisphere and in Andes mountains of South America, cold, moderate precipitation, characterized by coniferous trees (needle-bearing trees) |
| temperate forest | biome south of Taiga in Northern Hemisphere in mid-latitudes, high amounts of precipitation, warm/hot during summer and cold during winter |
| temperate grasslands | biome near lower mid-latitudes, little to moderate precipitation, extreme seasonal changes - hot summer and cold winters, very fertile soil |
| desert | biome located along and near the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, very hot during day (often cold at night), driest biome with little to no precipitation, very little vegetation and animals |
| savanna | biome similar to Temperate Grasslands, located in lower mid-latitudes most often just south of the Tropic of Cancer and just north of the Tropic of Capricorn, wet summer and dry "winter" and the temperature is always warm, only rains during the summer |
| heterotroph | an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms` |
| autotroph | an organism that makes its own energy using abiotic factors |
| primary consumer | Organisims that eat autotrophs. these organisms are called herbivores |
| tertiary consumer | A carnivore that it at the top most level of the food chain and feeds on secondary consumers. |
| secondary consumer | Organisms that get energy from primary consumers. they're carnivores and omnivores. |
| producer | organisms that makes own energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis --autotroph |
| consumer | Heterotrophs that must get food from an outside source |
| saprotroph | Organisms that invade the tissues of other organisms (usually dead) digest and then absorb nutrient. for example molds and bacteria |
| decomposer | organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the environment |
| detritus | organic matter produced by the decomposition of organisms. |
| detritivore | an organism which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus. |
