| A | B |
|---|
| Middle Ground | Saying that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes is the truth. |
| The Texas Sharpshooter | Cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument |
| Anecdotal | Using personal experience or an isolated example instead of a valid argument |
| No True Scotsman | Making what could be called an appeal to purity |
| Composition/Division | Assuming that what’s true about one part of something has to be applied to all, or other, parts of it. |
| Appeal to Authority | Using the opinion or position of an authority figure |
| Bandwagon | Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something |
| The Gambler’s Fallacy | Believing that “runs” occur to statistically independent phenomena |
| Tu Quoque | answering criticism with criticism |
| Ad Hominem | Attacking your opponent’s character |
| Special Pleading | Moving the goalposts to create exceptions when a claim is shown to be false. |
| Personal Incredulity | Saying that because one finds something difficult to understand that its therefore not true. |
| False Cause | Presuming that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other. |
| Strawman | Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack. |
| Loaded Question | Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can’t be answered without appearing guilty. |
| Burden of Proof | Saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove. |
| Ambiguity | Using double meanings or ambiguities of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth. |
| Black-or-White | Where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist. |
| Genetic | Judging something good or bad on the basis of where it comes from, or from whom it comes. |
| Begging the Question | A circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise. |
| Appeal to Nature | Making the argument that because something is “natural” it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good, or ideal. |
| Slippery Slope | Asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen. |
| The Fallacy Fallacy | Presuming that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that it is necessarily wrong. |
| Appeal to Emotion | Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument. |
