| A | B |
|---|
| DNA | DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS | Macromolecules that includes DNA and RNA |
| NUCLEOTIDE | A subunit of nucleic acids formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| DEOXYRIBOSE | sugar in DNA |
| enzyme | a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. |
| RNA | any of a class of single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus |
| amino acids | organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functional groups |
| proteins | made up of long chains of amino acids |
| RNA | made up of ribose sugar and base uracil |
| ribosomes | organelle where amino acids are bonded together to form proteins |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| CYTOLOGY | STUDY OF CELLS |
| ORGANELLES | TINY MEMBRANE BOUND STRUCTURES FOUND ONLY IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| NUCLEUS | large, oval structure found in both plant and animal cells. It controls and regulates all cell activities. It contains genetic material. |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| CELL WALL | Thick outer layer in plant cells. Made of the carbohydrate cellulose. It maintains the shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in the plant cell's vacuole and pushes against it, creating turgor pressure. Also found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria. |
| NUCLEOPLASM | the protoplasm that is found inside the nucleus of a cell |
| POLAR HEAD | PART OF THE LIPID LAYER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. CHEMICAL MAKEUP IS PHOSPHATE AND IT IS HYDROPHILLIC |
| NON POLAR TAIL | PART OF THE LIPID BILAYER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. MADE UP OF FATTY ACIDS AND IS HYDROPHOBIC |
| PHOSPHOLIPID BACKBONE | PART OF THE LIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEAD AND TAIL ATTACH. MADE UP OF GLYCEROL |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHLOROPLASTS | FOUND IN PLANT CELL & CONTAINS THE CHEMICAL CHLORPHYLL |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes lipids, fats and such. No ribosomes on this organelle |
| LYSOSOME | Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| CHOLESTEROL | ONLY FOUND IN THE LIPID BILAYER OF ANIMAL CELLS. NOT IN PLANT CELLS. HELPS STRENGTHEN THE BILAYER AND DECREASES PERMEABILITY |
| OSMOSIS | DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A MEMBRANE |
| SIMPLE DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | ANOTHER TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT, USED FOR MOLECULES THAT CANNOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES USUALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND/OR SIZE |
| POLAR | MOLECULE WITH CHARGED ENDS LIKE PHOSPHATE HEADS ON THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
| NONPOLAR | INERT, A MOLECULE THAT DOES NOT HAVE CHARGED ENDS |
| FLUID MOSAIC MODEL | DESCRIBES THE ARRANGEMENT AND MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS IN BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE |
| HYDROPHOBIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF FATTY ACID TAILS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE TAILS ARE WATER INSOLUABLE AND DISLIKE BEING IN CONTACT WITH WATER MOLECULES |
| HYDROPHILLIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF PHOSPHATE HEADS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEADS ARE WATER SOLUABLE AND ATTRACTED TO WATER MOLECULES |
| CARBOHYDRATES | USUALLY ATTACHED TO PROTEINS ON THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND HELP WITH CELL TO CELL IDENTIFICATION |
| CHOLESTEROL | PART OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IN AN ANIMAL CELL WHICH HELPS THE MEMBRANE BE LESS PERMEABLE AND PROVIDES SUPPORT TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHILE HELPING IT REMAIN FLUID |
| OSMOSIS | DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A MEMBRANE |
| SIMPLE DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | ANOTHER TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT, USED FOR MOLECULES THAT CANNOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES USUALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND/OR SIZE |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | ENERGY REQUIRING PROCESS THAT MOVES MATERIAL ACROSS A MEMBRANE AGAINST A CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT | REQUIRES NO ENERGY TO MOVE MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION |
| HYPERTONIC | HAVING A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN ANOTHER SOLUTION |
| ISOTONIC | TWO SOLUTIONS WITH AN EQUAL CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES |
| HYPOTONIC | HAVING A LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN ANOTHER SOLUTION |
| CONCENTRATION GRADIENT | A DIFFERENCE IN THE “AMOUNT” OF A SUBSTANCE ACROSS A DISTANCE |
| EXTRACELLULAR | ENVIRONMENT OUTSIDE THE CELL |
| EXOCYTOSIS | is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell |
| SOLUTE | SUBSTANCE DISSOLVED IN ANOTHER SUBSTANCE SUCH AS WATER |
| SOLVENT | DISSOLVES SOLUTES...WATER IN OSMOSIS |
| SOLUTION | COMBINATION OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | COMPONENT MANIPULATED BY EXPERIMENTER |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | FOUND BEFORE VERB IN PROBLEM STATAEMENT |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | FOUND BEFORE "THEN" IN HYPOTHESIS |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | PROBLEM: WILL THE TYPE OF SURFACE AFFECT THE DISTANCE A TOY CAR WILL TRAVEL? "TYPE OF SURFACE" |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | COMPONENT THAT MAY CHANGE AS A RESULT OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | FOUND AFTER THE VERB IN A PROBLEM STATEMENT |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | FOUND AFTER "THEN" IN HYPOTHESIS |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | PROBLEM: WILL THE TYPE OF SURFACE AFFECT THE DISTANCE A TOY CAR WILL TRAVEL? "DISTANCE TOY CAR WILL TRAVEL" |
| CONTROL GROUP | TEST/EXPERIEMENTAL GROUP WITHOUT THE IV |
| RETESTS | REPEATNG THE EXPERIMENT MULTIPLE TIMES (AT LEAST 10) FOR EACH TEST/IV GROUP |
| RETESTS | TEN TRIALS FOR EACH TYPE OF SURFACE. |
| CONSTANTS | PARTS OF THE EXPERIMENT KEPT THE SAME SO THE ONLY REASON FOR A DIFFERENCE IN DATA IS THE IV |
| CONSTANTS | THE SAME LENGTH OF RAMP. THE SAME HEIGHT OF RAMP. THE SAME AERODYNAMICS OF TOY CAR. THE SAME TIRES. THE SAME METHOD FOR RELEASING THE CAR. |
| CELLS | BASIC UNIT OF ALL LIVING THINGS |
| HOMEOSTASIS | REGULATION SO INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ARE STABLE |
| PROBLEM | WILL THE TYPE OF SURFACE AFFECT THE DISTANCE A TOY CAR TRAVELS? |
| RESEARCH | CHECKING OUT A WEBSITE REGARDING FRICTION |
| HYPOTHESIS | AS THE TYPE OF SURFACE CHANGES, THEN THE DISTANCE TOY CAR WILL TRAVEL CHANGES |
| PROCEDURE | NUMBERED STEPS OF DIRECTIONS |
| RESULTS | THE AVERAGE DISTANCE OF THE TOY CARS ON A SMOOTH SURFACE WAS 83 CM AND THE DISTANCE THE CARS TRAVELED ON SANDPAPER WAS 72 CM |
| CONCLUSION | THE DATA INDICATED THE HYPOTHESIS SHOULD BE SUPPORTED |
| ASEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM ONE PARENT |
| SEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM TWO PARENTS |
| PROBLEM | SCIENTIFIC QUESTION TO SOLVE |
| HYPOTHESIS | USES RESEARCH TO HAVE AN IDEA ON THE OUTCOME |
| PROCEDURE | 1. GATHER MATERIALS 2. PUT 10 ML OF CARBOXYL SEALER ON EACH OF THE 10 WOOD BLOCKS AND ALLOW TO DRY FOR 24 HOURS. 3. LEAVE 10 BLOCKS OF WOOD WITHOUT ANY SEALER. 4. MEASURE MASS OF EACH OF THE WOOD BLOCKS. 5. PUT ALL WOOD BLOCKS IN A TUB OF WATER FOR 24 HOURS. ETC... |
| non or not | a or an |
| life | bio |
| study of | logy |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| endo | inner, inside |
| hyper | above, over |
| hypo | below, under |
| bio | life |
| green | chloro |
| di, bi | double, two |
| cyto, cyte | cell |
| different, other | hetero |
| hydro | water |
| to make/put together | synthesis |
| photo | light |
| breakdown | lys |
| color | chromo |
| homo | same, alike |
| macro-molecules | group of larger organic compounds used in biochemical reactions |
| carbohydrates | macro-molecule that is source of energy |
| proteins | most common macro-molecule composed of amino acids |
| proteins | macro molecule that transports substances & provides structural support |
| lipids | macro molecule that makes up fats and oils along with storing energy |
| nucleic acids | macro molecule that makes up DNA and RNA |
| nucleic acids | macro molecule that stores and carries genetic information |
| macro molecules | lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| product | found on right side of chemical reaction |
| reactants | found on the left side of chemical reactions |
| POLYSACCHARIDES | LARGE MOLECULE MADE OF MANY SACCHARIDES EX: STARCH, CELLULOSE & COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES |
| MONOSACCHARIDES | CLASS OF SUGARS THAT CANNOT BE REDUCED INTO SIMPLER SUGAR THAT MAKES UP CARBOHYDRATES |
| MONOMERS | a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. |
| AMINO ACIDS | organic compounds that combine to form proteins. |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | STOREHOUSE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY USED BY CELLS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) | RELEASES ENERGY WHEN BOND BETWEEN 2ND & 3RD PHOSPHATE GROUP IS BROKEN |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| DNA | controls production of proteins |
| sugar (deoxyribo) & phosphate | makes up sides of of DNA double helix ladder |
| nitrogen bases | makes up rungs of DNA double helix |
| helicase | enzyme that unwinds DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds |
| primase | enzyme that acts to start DNA synthesis |
| polymerase | enzyme that adds new complimentary nucleotides to DNA strand |
| okazaki fragments | discontinuous fragment when DNA is in chunks |
| ligase | enzyme that seals up strands of DNA |
| semiconservative | when half the DNA chain is part of the original and other part is brand new |
| adenine | a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA. |
| guanine | one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA. |
| thymine | a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA. |
| cytosine | a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA. |
| hydrogen | bond between the bases that compose the rungs of DNA |
| shape of DNA | double helix |
| enzyme | a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. |
| replication/separation fork | produced by partial separation of double helix |
| uracil | one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA |
| RNA | any of a class of single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus |
| amino acids | organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functional groups |
| proteins | made up of long chains of amino acids |
| codon | a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis. — called also triplet. |
| polypeptides | a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| mRNA | transcribes the information from DNA to the cell machinery that makes proteins |
| tRNA | act as temporary carriers of amino acids, |
| transcription | the synthesis of mRNA (messenger RNA) from a DNA template, takes place in nucleus |
| translation | the synthesis of a polypeptide chain from a segment of RNA, takes place in cytoplasm |
