| A | B |
|---|
| homozygous | alleles are identical |
| heterozygous | when the genotype includes both a dominant and a recessive allele |
| genotype | symbols used to represent the alleles of an organism |
| phenotype | written description of the trait we observe in an organism |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| allele | a varying form of a gene |
| purebred | another term for homozygous where alleles are the same |
| Mendel | the father of genetics ( studied pea plants) |
| hybrid | another term for heterozygous where the alleles are different |
| heterozygous | Bb |
| heterozygous | one uppercase letter & one lowercase letter |
| Punnett square | used to predict probable outcomes of crosses |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| chromosomes | coils of DNA which contain genetic information |
| homozygous recessive | bb |
| homozygous recessive | two lowercase letters |
| chromosomes | genes are found on these structures |
| gene | a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| alleles | different forms of the same gene (ex: T or t) |
| homozygous | containing two alleles that are the same (ex: tt or TT) |
| heterozygous | containing two alleles that are different (ex: Tt) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: Tt) |
| phenotype | the physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype (ex: tall) |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| crossing-over | pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged during meiosis |
| mutation | sudden change in structure or amount of DNA |
| karyotype | a chart showing all of an organism's chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs |
| genetic engineering | manipulation of DNA to produce changes in an organism |
| gene therapy | replacement of defective genes by transferring normal genes into cells that lack them |
| genome | all of the genes possessed by an organism |
| monogenic | alterations to a single gene pair |
| polygenic | alterations to multiple genes |
| chromosomal | alterations to chromosomes...may be classified as autosomal or sex |
| Down's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy 21 |
| Kleinfelter's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy of male sex chromosome |
| Turner's syndrome | chromosomal....single sex chromosome-female |
| sickle cell anemia | monogenic ...results in miss shaped blood cells |
| cystic fibrosis | monogenic/recessive...results in the over production of mucus in the lungs andi intestines |
| Law of Dominance | When an organism is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait can be seen in the hybrid. |
| homozygous | containing two alleles that are the same (ex: tt or TT) |
| heterozygous | containing two alleles that are different (ex: Tt) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: Tt) |
| phenotype | the physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype (ex: tall) |
| incomplete dominance | occurs when two alleles contribute to the phenotype;traits blend |
| codominance | both traits are expressed at the same time |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| heterozygous | Bb |
| heterozygous | one uppercase letter & one lowercase letter |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| homozygous recessive | bb |
| homozygous recessive | two lowercase letters |
| monohybrid | crossing of one trait |
| dihybrid | crossing of two traits |
| incomplete dominance | BB' |
| co-domianance | BW |
| complete dominance | Bb |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| sex linked trait | A trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome |
| x linked sex linked trait | A trait that is determined by the allele on X chromosome |
| y linked sex linked trait | A trait determined by the allele on Y chromosome is said to be Y-linked. |
| x linked sex linked (male) | X^C y |
| antibody | a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. |
| Rh factor | protein on the surface of the Red blood cell. |
| agglutinogen | stimulate the formation of agglutinin |
| agglutinin | antibodies generating by our immune system against antigens. |
| agglutinin | substance in the blood that causes particles to coagulate and aggregate; that is, to change from fluid-like state to a thickened-mass (solid) state. |
