| A | B |
|---|
| Maladaptive responses | When behavior disrupts the integrity of the individual, it is perceived as maladaptive. |
| Adaptive response | behavior that maintains the integrity of the individual. |
| Stressor | A biological, psychological, social, or chemical factor that causes physical or emotional tension and may contribute to the development of certain illnesses. |
| Adaptation | A Adaptation is the process by which an individual’s response to change results in preservation of individual integrity or timely return to equilibrium. |
| Precipitating event | A stimulus arising from the internal or external environment and perceived by the individual in a specific manner. |
| Maladaptation | Maladaptation is the process by which an individual’s response to change results in disruption of individual integrity or in persistent disequilibrium. |
| Anxiety | A feeling of discomfort and apprehension related to fear of impending danger. The individual may be unaware of the source of his or her anxiety, but it is often accompanied by feelings of uncertainty and helplessness. |
| Moderate Anxiety | The individual’s attention span and ability to concentrate decrease, although he or she may still attend to needs with direction. |
| Mild Anxiety | It sharpens the senses, increases motivation for productivity, and results in a heightened awareness of the environment. |
| Panic Anxiety | Can be a life-threatening situation. |
| Severe Anxiety | Attention span is extremely limited, and the individual has difficulty completing even the simplest task. |
| Defense mechanisms | Employed by the ego in the face of threat to biological or psychological integrity. |
| Mild Anxiety | Learning is enhanced with this level of anxiety. |
| Somatic symptom disorders | Disorders in which the characteristic features are physical symptoms for which there is no evident organic pathology. |
| Dissociative disorders | Disorders in which the characteristic feature is a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment. |
| Grief | Is a subjective feeling of sorrow and sadness accompanied by emotional, physical, and social responses to the loss of a loved person or thing. |
| Anticipatory grieving | When a loss is anticipated, individuals often begin the work of grieving before the actual loss occurs. |
| Resolution of grief | Usually lasts for at least a year. |
| Bereavement overload | This is particularly true for elderly individuals who may experience numerous losses in a span of a few years, including spouse, friends, other relatives, independent functioning, home, personal possessions, and pets. |
| Stimulus | A stimulus is an environmental event that interacts with and influences an individual’s behavior. |
| Behavior Therapy | A form of psychotherapy that aims to modify maladaptive behavior patterns by reinforcing more adaptive behaviors. |
| Shaping | The behavior of another, reinforcements are given for increasingly closer approximations to the desired response. |
| Modeling | Refers to the learning of new behaviors by imitating the behavior in others. |
| Premack principle | Being allowed to talk on the cell phone to her friends could serve as a positive reinforcement for completing her homework. |
| Extinction | The tantrum behaviors continue as long as the parent gives attention to them but decrease and often disappear when the parent simply walks away from the child and ignores the behavior. |
| Token economy | With this therapy, tokens are awarded when desired behaviors are performed and may be exchanged for designated privileges. |
| Systematic desensitization | Is a technique for assisting individuals to overcome their fear of a phobic stimulus. |
| Flooding | This technique, sometimes called implosive therapy, is also used to desensitize individuals to phobic stimuli. It differs from systematic desensitization in that instead of working up a hierarchy of anxiety-producing stimuli, the individual is “flooded” with a continuous presentation. |
| CBT | A person’s perceptions about a situation are more influential on his or her responses than the situation itself. Various techniques are incorporated to help clients learn how to change (reframe) their thinking and behavior in ways that will enhance mood, functioning, and sense of well-being. |
| Automatic thoughts | thoughts are those that occur rapidly in response to a situation and without rational analysis. These thoughts are often negative and based on erroneous logic. |
| Arbitrary inference | The individual automatically comes to a conclusion about an incident without the facts to support it or even despite contradictory evidence. |
| Overgeneralizations | Made on the basis of one incident—an “all-or-nothing” kind of thinking. |
| Dichotomous thinking | Views situations in terms of all-or-nothing, black-or-white, or good-or-bad. |
| Catastrophic thinking | Always thinking that the worst will occur without considering the possibility of more likely positive outcomes is considered |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy | The induction of a grand mal (generalized) seizure through the application of electrical current to the brain. |
| Insulin coma therapy | The induction of a hypoglycemic coma aimed at alleviating the psychotic symptoms. |
