| A | B |
|---|
| ad hominem fallacy | trying to undermine the opponent's arguments by personal attacks, through attacking their character or skill level, |
| appeal to emotion | makes a claim based on sympathy or empathetic instead of just or logical grounds |
| straw man fallacy | one misrepresents an argument so that it becomes easier to attack |
| red herring fallacy | arguing for an irrelevant topic with the intention of distracting the audience: this usually happens when the person finds another topic easier to argue for |
| slippery slope fallacy | consists of arguments that reason if something S were to happen, then something else P (which is very bad) will eventually occur, so we should prohibit S from happening |
| hasty generalization | someone generalizes from a too-small sample size |
| post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy | a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.' |
| appeal to inappropriate authority | uses existing respect or positive feelings for a person and sets them up as an authority on a subject based solely on that. It’s when that person is not an authority on the subject |
| argument from ignorance | says something is true because it has not yet been proved false. Or, that something is false if it has not yet been proved true |
| appeal to force | someone uses force or a threat of force to gain acceptance for their argument or position |
| accident fallacy | when someone applies a general rule to a case in which the rule should not be applied. |
| circular argument/begging the question | assumes that the conclusion one is trying to prove is already true |
| loaded question | the question one creates contains a controversial assumption, such as the guilt of another person about something |
| false choice/false dichotomy | fewer choices are presented than actually exist |
| fallacy of division | one reasons that something that is true for a whole must also be true of all or some of its parts. |
| fallacy of composition | one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole |
| fallacy of accent | When the meaning of a word, sentence, or entire idea is interpreted differently by changing where the accent (or stress) falls |
| fallacy--quoting out of context | an oral or written text is removed from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning |
| fallacy of equivocation | results from the use of a particular word/expression in multiple senses (meanings) within an argument |
| fallacy of manipulative framing | the choice of words and omission of words is used to create an interpetation or perspective on a topic with the intent of influencing the hearer or reader to conclude something |
