| A | B |
|---|
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHROMATIN | plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| HOMEOSTASIS | REGULATION SO INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ARE STABLE |
| ASEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM ONE PARENT |
| SEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM TWO PARENTS |
| non or not | a or an |
| life | bio |
| logy | study of |
| aero | needing oxygen or air |
| endo | inner, inside |
| hyper | above, over |
| cyto, cyte | cell |
| hetero | different, other |
| hydro | water |
| synthesis | to make/put together |
| photo | light |
| breakdown | lys |
| homo | same, alike |
| GROWTH | increase in the number of cells |
| MITOSIS | the orderly sequence of a cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | the orderly sequence of a cell going through growth and division |
| INTERPHASE | Stage of cell cycle in which the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases |
| S (SYNTHESIS) | the phase during interphase where the DNA replicates itself |
| G1 (GAP 1) | the phase during interphase where the cell grows |
| G2 (GAP 2) | the phase during interphase where the cell prepares to divide by copying its organelles and continues to grow |
| MITOSIS | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| CYTOKINESIS | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| PROPHASE | part of mitosis when the nucleolus disappears |
| PROPHASE | phase of mitosis when spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromatid |
| METAPHASE | part of mitosis when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| ANAPHASE | part of mitosis when sister chromatids separate from their partners |
| ANAPHASE | part of cell division when microtubules shorten/length to bring each chromatids to opposite poles of the cell |
| TELOPHASE | everything that happened in prophase is reversed |
| TELOPHASE | spindles disappear, nuclear envelopes reappear, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear |
| CYTOKINESIS | stage of the cell cycle that results in two identical daughter cells |
| INTERPHASE | stage of the cell cycle including phases G1, S, G2 |
| CENTRIOLES | move to the poles and shorten spindle fibers to pull chromatids apart during anaphase |
| CENTROMERES | attach sister chromatids together in the middle (intersection of the X) |
| CHROMATIDS | form as dna condenses to make up chromosomes, "sisters" |
| CHROMATIN | single, thread like strands in the nucleus, which contain DNA |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | chromosomes that are similar size and carrying same traits |
| TELOMERES | a compound structure at the end of a chromosome. |
| SPINDLE FIBERS | microscopic protein structures which help divide genetic material during cell division. |
| DAUGHTER CELLS | two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis |
| DAUGHTER CELLS | genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes |
| SISTER CHROMATID | one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides centromere |
| SPINDLE APPARATUS | moves and organizes the chromosomes before cell division |
| CANCER | uncontrolled cell growth |
| APOPTOSIS | programmed cell death |
| CARCINOGEN | an agent that causes cancer |
| STEM CELL | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions |
| TISSUE | cellular organisational level between cells and a complete organ |
| homozygous | alleles are identical |
| heterozygous | when the genotype includes both a dominant and a recessive allele |
| genotype | symbols used to represent the alleles of an organism |
| phenotype | written description of the trait we observe in an organism |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| allele | a varying form of a gene |
| purebred | another term for homozygous where alleles are the same |
| Mendel | the father of genetics ( studied pea plants) |
| hybrid | another term for heterozygous where the alleles are different |
| heterozygous | Bb |
| Punnett square | used to predict probable outcomes of crosses |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| chromosomes | coils of DNA which contain genetic information |
| homozygous recessive | bb |
| gene | a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| alleles | different forms of the same gene (ex: T or t) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: Tt) |
| phenotype | the physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype (ex: tall) |
| crossing-over | pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged during meiosis |
| mutation | sudden change in structure or amount of DNA |
| karyotype | a chart showing all of an organism's chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs |
| genetic engineering | manipulation of DNA to produce changes in an organism |
| gene therapy | replacement of defective genes by transferring normal genes into cells that lack them |
| genome | all of the genes possessed by an organism |
| monogenic | alterations to a single gene pair |
| polygenic | alterations to multiple genes |
| chromosomal | alterations to chromosomes...may be classified as autosomal or sex |
| Down's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy 21 |
| Kleinfelter's syndrome | chromosomal...trisomy of male sex chromosome |
| Turner's syndrome | chromosomal....single sex chromosome-female |
| sickle cell anemia | monogenic ...results in miss shaped blood cells |
| cystic fibrosis | monogenic/recessive...results in the over production of mucus in the lungs andi intestines |
| incomplete dominance | occurs when two alleles contribute to the phenotype;traits blend |
| codominance | both traits are expressed at the same time |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| heterozygous | one uppercase letter & one lowercase letter |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| homozygous recessive | two lowercase letters |
| monohybrid | crossing of one trait |
| dihybrid | crossing of two traits |
| incomplete dominance | BB' |
| co-domianance | BW |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| sex linked trait | A trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome |
| x linked sex linked trait | A trait that is determined by the allele on X chromosome |
| y linked sex linked trait | A trait determined by the allele on Y chromosome is said to be Y-linked. |
| antibody | a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. |
| Rh factor | protein on the surface of the Red blood cell. |
| agglutinogen | stimulate the formation of agglutinin |
| agglutinin | antibodies generating by our immune system against antigens. |
| agglutinin | substance in the blood that causes particles to coagulate and aggregate; that is, to change from fluid-like state to a thickened-mass (solid) state. |
| B blood type | phenotype IBi |
| AB blood type | phenotype IAIB |
| mastication | the process of chewing |
| incisors | Sharp front teeth that cut food |
| cuspids | Canines, have sharp points to tear food and have the longest root than any other teeth. |
| bicuspids | premolars for crushing |
| molars | Back teeth that grind food |
| SALIVARY GLANDS | glands of the mouth that produce a digestive secretion |
| PALATE | the upper surface of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities |
| UVULA | a small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate |
| PHARYNX | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| esophagus | muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| stomach | an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal |
| digestive enzymes | proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds pepsin, hydrocloric acid |
| duodenum | first part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals released from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas |
| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine |
| ileum | Third part of the small intestine |
| villi | tiny, finger-like structures that protrude from the wall of the intestine |
| pancreas | located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen, and it functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon |
| liver | organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood |
| bile | A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles stored in gall bladder |
| gallbladder | a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion |
| large intestine | the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body |
| cecum | first part of the large intestine |
| ingestion | the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating) |
| digestion | the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body |
| absorption | the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion |
| excretion | the process by which wastes are removed from the body |
| TISSUES | group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit |
| ANTERIOR | Front of body Ex. The breastbone is anterior to the spine |
| POSTERIOR | Refers to back Ex.The heart is posterior to the breastbone |
| SUPERFICIAL | Toward or at the body surface. Ex.The skin is superficial to the skeleton |
| DEEP | Away from the body surface, more internal. Ex. The lungs are deep to the rib cage. |
| ORGANIZATION | hierarchy of complex biological systems and structures |
| CELL | the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body |
| ANATOMY | a study of the structure or internal workings of a body |
| TISSUES | Groups of cells with similar structure and function |
| ORGANS | Any structure that has definite anatomical boundaries, is visually distinguishable from adjacent organs and is composed of two or more types of tissue working together to carry out a particular function |
| ORGAN SYSTEMS | A group of organs that carries out a basic function of the organism |
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE | Protections, absorption, filtration, secretion |
| STRATIFIED | classification of tissue with more than one layer of cells |
| simple | classification tissue with one cell layer |
| connective tissue | Binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection |
| nervous tissue | groups of organized cells in the nervous system, which is the organ system that controls the body’s movements, sends and carries signals to and from the different parts of the body, and has a role in controlling bodily functions such as digestion. |
| muscle tissue | Function is to produce movement / Three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| squamous | flat epithelial cells |
| cuboidal | cube-shaped epithelial cell |
| columnar | An epithelial cell with height greater than its width |
| SKELETAL MUSCLES | striated or striped or voluntary muscles that function for movement |
| CARDIAC MUSCLES | an involuntary, striated muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the wall of the heart |
| SMOOTH MUSCLES | an involuntary, non-striated muscle,contracts without any voluntary control |
| EPI | affix meaning "OUTER" |
| MYO | affix meaning "MIDDLE" |
| ENDO | affix meaning "INNER" |
| STRIATIONS | any of the alternating light and dark crossbands that are visible in certain muscle fibers |
| INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE | the muscles that contract or move without conscious control |
| VOLUNTARY MUSCLE | skeletal muscles that contract and relax under conscious control |
| PERISTALSIS | example of smooth muscle movement: a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract |
| NEURONS | electrically excitable cells that transmit signals throughout the body |
| NEUROGLIA | a class of cells in the brain and spinal cord that form a supporting structure for the neurons and provide them with insulation. |
| AVASCULAR | having few or no blood vessels. |
| LIGAMENTS | fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone |
| TENDONS | connect muscle to bone |
| BICEPS | a muscle on the front part of the upper arm |
| DIAPHRAGM | thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen |
| INTEGUMENTARY | the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain |
| EPIDERMIS | the outermost layer of skin |
| DERMIS | has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures |
| HYPODERMIS | he bottom layer of skin in your body |
| DERMIS | The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin |
| CHEMICAL DIGESTION | the process where complex molecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are broken down into smaller pieces that your body can use |
| MECHANICAL DIGESTION | physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion |
| DIGESTION | a process that converts nutrients in ingested food into forms that can be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract |
| CIRCULATORY | The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body |
| RESPIRATORY | The organs that are involved in breathing |
| EXCRETORY | organs which remove metabolic wastes and toxins from the body |
| DORSAL/POSTERIOR | back |
| SUPERIOR | Toward the head or upper part of body. ABOVE Ex. Forehead is superior to the nose |
| INFERIOR | Away from head, lower part of body. BELOW Navel is inferior than to that breastbone |
| ANATOMY | the branch of morphology concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts. |
| PHYSIOLOGY | study of the functioning of living organisms, animal or plant, and of the functioning of their constituent tissues or cells |
| HISTOLOGY | cientific study of the microscopic structure of cells and tissues |
| TISSUES | group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit |
| HOMO | affix meaning "the same" |
| HETERO | affix meaning "different" |
| DEEP | Away from the body surface, more internal. Ex. The lungs are deep to the rib cage. |
| ABDOMINAL CAVITY | superior cavity containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs |
| HOMEOSTASIS | the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems |
| METABOLISM | refers to the chemical processes that take place as your body converts foods and drinks into energy. |
| ORGANIZATION | hierarchy of complex biological systems and structures |
| HYPO | affix meaning "under, beneath, less than normal" |
| CAVITY | a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs |
| BI | affix meaning "2 parts" |
| STIMULUS | anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change, can be internal or external |
| NUTRIENTS | water, food, vitamins |
| CELL | the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body |
| ISM | affix meaning "state or condition" |
| CUTI | affix meaning "skin" |
| EPI | affix meaning "above/over" |
| AXIAL | region composed of head, neck, & trunk |
| APPENDICULAR | region composed of limbs extending from axial (arms & legs) |
| HOMO | affix meaning "the same" |
| ANATOME | to dissect |
| CYTE | affix meaning "cell" |
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE | Protections, absorption, filtration, secretion |
| STRATIFIED | classification of tissue with more than one layer of cells |
| simple | classification tissue with one cell layer |
| connective tissue | Binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection |
| nervous tissue | groups of organized cells in the nervous system, which is the organ system that controls the body’s movements, sends and carries signals to and from the different parts of the body, and has a role in controlling bodily functions such as digestion. |
| muscle tissue | Function is to produce movement / Three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| squamous | flat epithelial cells |
| cuboidal | cube-shaped epithelial cell |
| columnar | An epithelial cell with height greater than its width |
| Abiotic | Non-living parts of an ecosystem |
| Biotic | Living parts of an ecosystem |
| Food chain | Pathway which energy follows from producer to consumer |
| Producer | Organism that is capable of making its own food |
| Consumer | Organism that relies on producers as a food source |
| Predator | One that captures, kills, and consumes another |
| Prey | One that us captured, killed and consumed by another |
| Carrying capacity | Number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support |
| Succession | Sequential replacement of populations in an ecosystem |
| Biome | Geographic area with characteristic plants, animals,& climate |
| Ecosystem | All the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment |
| Ecology | Study of organisms and their environment |
| Biosphere | Area on and around earth where life exists |
| Community | All the populations in an area |
| Population | All the members of a species in an area |
| Species | Group of organisms capable of producing fertile offspring in the natural environment |
| Habitat | Physical area where an organism lives |
| Niche | The way of life of a species, the role the species plays in its ecosystem |
| Climate | The amount of rain fall and temperature in an area |
| Immigration | Movement of individuals into a population |
| Emigration | Movement of individuals out of a population |
| Herbivore | Animals that eat only plants |
| Carnivore | Animals that eat only other animals |
| Omnivore | Animals that eat both plants and animals |
| climate | a region's long-term weather pattern. The "usual" weather. |
| heterotroph | an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms` |
| autotroph | an organism that makes its own energy using abiotic factors |
| primary consumer | Organisims that eat autotrophs. these organisms are called herbivores |
| tertiary consumer | A carnivore that it at the top most level of the food chain and feeds on secondary consumers. |
| secondary consumer | Organisms that get energy from primary consumers. they're carnivores and omnivores. |
| saprotroph | Organisms that invade the tissues of other organisms (usually dead) digest and then absorb nutrient. for example molds and bacteria |
| decomposer | organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the environment |
