| A | B |
|---|
| ATOMS | SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER WITH PROPERTIES OF SINGLE ELEMENT |
| ELEMENT | PURE SUBSTANCE OF ONE TYPE OF ATOM |
| COMPOUND | 2 OR MORE SUBSTANCES CHEMICALLY COMBINED |
| MIXTURE | 2 OR MORE SUBSTANCES THAT CAN BE SEPARATED BY SIMPLE PHYSICAL MEANS |
| HOMOGENEOUS | MIXTURE THAT APPEARS THE SAME THROUGHOUT, WON'T SETTLE OUT |
| HETEROGENEOUS | TYPE OF MIXTURE WHERE PARTICLES WILL SETTLE OUT |
| SUBATOMIC PARTICLES | PARTICFLES THAT MAKEUP AN ATOM |
| PROTONS | POSITIVE ATOMIC PARTICLE FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS |
| NEUTRONS | NEUTRALLY CHARGED PARTICLE FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS |
| ELECTRONS | NEGATIVE ATOMIC PARTICLES FOUND SURROUNDING THE NUCLEUS |
| SYNTHESIS/COMBINATION/COMPOSITION | CHEMICAL REACTION THE RESULTS IN 2 SIMPLE SUBSTANCES COMBINE TO FORM A SINGLE COMPOUND |
| ANALYSIS/DECOMPOSIITION | FORM AS A SINGLE COMPOUND SPLITS INTO 2 OR MORE SIMPLER SUBSTANCES |
| DOUBLE REPLACEMENT | 2 COMPOUNDS THAT EXCHANGE ELEMENTS |
| SINGLE REPLACEMENT ANION | CHEMICAL REACTION AS A RESULT OF A COMPOUND AND AN ELEMENT EXCHANGE NEGATIVE IONS |
| SINGLE REPLACEMENT CATION | CHEMICAL REACTION AS A RESULT OF A COMPOUND AND AN ELEMENT EXCHANGE POSITIVE IONS |
| MATTER | ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND VOLUME |
| VALENCE ELECTRONS | ELECTRONS FOUND IN THE OUTER |
| NUCLEUS | center of an atom; made up of protons and neutrons |
| ENERGY LEVEL | any of the poissible energies an electron may have in an atome |
| ORBITAL | A region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons |
| PERIODIC LAW | properties of elements tend to repeat in a regular pattern when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number |
| DIATOMIC | pure elements that form molecules consisting of two atoms bonded together |
| FAMILY | vertical column on periodic table, also known as a group; elements have similar chemical and physical properties and same number of valance electrons |
| PERIOD | horizontal row of elements; elements in the same row have same number of orbitals |
| METALS | grouped on left side of periodic table; elements are shiny and conduct heat and electricity |
| NONMETALS | elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity; grouped on the right side of periodic table |
| METALLOIDS | elements that have properties of metals and nonmetals |
| LEWIS STRUCTURE | drawing of a molecule that illustrates the valence electrons for the element |
| ELECTRON CLOUD | current theory or model of the atom where electrons move three dimensionally within a given area |
| SUBSCRIPT | written in a chemical formula to communicate number of atoms of element in compound |
| ATOMIC MASS | weighted average mass of element's isotopes |
| ISOTOPE | variation of an element that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| DALTON | all matter is made up of atoms and all atoms of specific elements are identical |
| RUTHERFORD | discovered the nucleus and positive protons inside of it |
| Thompson | plum pudding model: discovered electrons with negative charge that are mixed into the positive sphere of an atom |
| BOHR | Planetary model: electrons move around the nucleus in static orbits |
| SCHRODINGER | Electron Cloud Model: neutrons inside nucleus with protons, electrons move in 3 dimensional paths around nucleus |
| MENDELEEV | father of periodic table: determined the relationship of elements to organize them into a table |
| MOSLEY | determined the atomic number NOT atomic weight determined order of elements in the periodic table |
| CATION | result of an element changing from neutral state to positive because the element gave up electrons |
| ANION | result of an element changing from neutral state to negative as a result of gaining electrons |
| ION | charged particle as a result of losing or gaining electrons |
| QUARK | tiny particles that make up protons & neutrons |
| FLAVORS OF QUARKS | up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top |
| HADRONS | composite particles made of quarks |
| NH4 (+) | ammonium |
| NO2 (-) | nitrite |
| NO3 (-) | nitrate |
| SO3 (2-) | sufite |
| SO4 (2-) | sulfate |
| OH (-) | hydroxide |
| CN (-) | cyanide |
| PO4 (3-) | phosphate |
| CO3 (2-) | carbonate |
| CrO4 (2-) | chromate |
| ClO3 (-) | chlorate |
| HCO3 (-) | hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate |
| crystal | type of solid has groups of atoms that occur in regular repeating sequences |
| sublimation | process in which a solid gets converted directly in to gaseous state other than liquid |
| deposition | phase transition in which matter transitions directly from a gaseous state into a solid state without passing through an intermediate liquid phase |
| freezing | The process through which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid. |
| condensation | The change of a gas or vapor to a liquid |
| vaporization | includes boiling and evaporation |
| melting | process by which a substance changes from the solid phase to the liquid phase |
| solid | state of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable |
| liquid | sample of matter that conforms to the shape of a container in which it is held |
| gas | a form of matter that is neither solid nor liquid and can increase in size to fill any container |
| plasma | a state of matter where the gas phase is energized until atomic electrons are no longer associated with any particular atomic nucleus |
| evaporation | change of a liquid into a vapor at the surface of the liquid |
| vaporization | phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor |
| liquid | has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape |
| amorphous solid | lacks the long-range order characteristic of a crystal |
| gas | a state of matter consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape |
| plasma | made up of positively charged ions and unbound electrons. |
| malleable | characteristic of substance that can be hammered into thin sheets |
| physical property | can be observed without changing identity of matter |
| chemical property | results in matters ability to change into a new (different substance |
| physical change | characteristics are changed without changing identity of substance |
| chemical change | characteristics are entirely changed forming a new substance |
| DENSITY | RATIO OF MASS PER UNIT OF VOLUME |
| VOLUME | the three-dimensional space |
| LITER OR CM^3 | SCIENTIFIC UNIT FOR VOLUME |
| TEMPERATURE | MEASUREMENT OF RATE OF KINETIC ENERGY OF PARTICLES |
| DEGREES CELSIUS OR KELVIN | SCIENTIFIC UNIT FOR TEMPERATURE |
| HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE | EXAMPLE IS SALAD DRESSING |
| SUSPENSION | TYPE OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE MADE OF LIQUIDS AND SOLID PARTICLES WHICH SETTLE OUT |
| COLLOID | HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE WHERE PARTICLES DON'T SETTLE |
| HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE | a solid, liquid, or gas that contains 2 or more substances blended evenly throughout. |
| SOLUTION | homogeneous mixture that remains constantly and uniformly mixed and has particles that are so small they cannot be seen with a microscope |
| HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE | COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS IN WHICH THE COMPONENTS REMAIN DISTINCT |
| MIXTURE | a substance formed by physical combination; composition can vary |
| distillation | the process that can separate two substances in a mixture by evaporating a liquid and recondensing its vapor |
| HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE | A material made up of two or more substances that can easily be separated by physical means |
| TYNDAL EFFECT | scattering of a light beam as it passes through a colloid. |
| MIXTURE | Two or more substances that aren't chemically combined with each other and can be separated by physical means. Substances in this retain their original properties. |
| ATOM | The basic building block of matter. |
| SOLVENT | SUBSTANCE IN SOLUTION THAT DOES DISSOLVING |
| SOLUTE | SUBSTANCE IN SOLUTION THAT IS DISSOLVED |
| SATURATED SOLUTION | Maximum amount of solute dissolved in solvent |
| UNSATURATED SOLUTION | Less than maximum amount of solute dissolved in solvent |
| SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION | More than maximum amount of solute dissolved in solvent |
| DILUTE | to make a solution less concentrated |
| SEDIMENTATION | tendency for particles in suspension with a greater mass to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier |
| FILTRATION | physical, biological or chemical operation that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture with a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass |
| DISTILLATION | physical process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. |
| DECANTATION | physical separation of a mixture where the layer closer to the top of the container—the less dense of the two liquids, or the liquid from which the precipitate or sediment has settled out—is poured off, leaving the other component or the more dense liquid of the mixture behind. |
| MOLECULE | FORMED AS A RESULT OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS BEING JOINED CHEMICALLY |
| aq | aqueous--dissolved in water |
| aqueous | dissolved in water |
| reactants | left side of equation |
| products | right side of equation |
| coefficient | large number in front of compound indicates number of molecules of compounds |
| exothermic | type of reaction that gives off heat |
| endothermic | chemical reaction that absorbs energy |
| combustion | burning |
| coefficient | used to balance the number of atoms of each element on each side of the equation so follows law of conservation of mass |
| synthesis | type of reaction where 2 or more simple components are combined to form a more complex substance |
| analysis/decomposition | type of reaction where complex substance is broken down |
| double replacement | pattern of this type of equation/reaction AB + CD --> AC + BD |
| synthesis | pattern of this type of equation/reaction A + B --> AB |
| single replacement | pattern of this type of equation/reaction AB + C --> AC + B |
| analysis/decomposition | pattern of this type of equation/reaction A B --> A + B |
| synthesis | type of equation for the following reaction 2Na + Cl2 --> 2 NaCl |
| single replacement | type of equation for the following reaction 2NaCl + Mg --> MgCl2 + 2Na |
| decomposition/analysis | type of equation for the following reaction 2 NaCl--> 2 Na + Cl2 |
| double replacement | type of equation for the following reaction 2 NaCl + Mg Br2 --> 2NaBr + Mg Cl2 |
| precipitate | cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution. |
| combustion | type of reaction that emits light or heat |
| combustion | products are CO2 and H2O |
| cation displacement | single replacement equations in which 2 metals exchange places |
| anion displacement | single replacement equation in which 2 negative ions exchange positions to form product |
| synthesis/composition | type of reaction: element + element --> compound |
| analysis/decomposition | type of reaction: compound --> element + element |
| single replacement -cation | Mg + 2HCl → H₂ + MgCl₂ |
| NaCl + I2 | correct formulas for the products in these single replacement reactions.: Cl₂ + NaI → |
| double replacement | FeS + HCl → FeCl₂+ H₂S |
| decomposition | 2HgO → 2Hg + O₂ |
| aq | aqueous--dissolved in water |
| aqueous | dissolved in water |
| reactants | left side of equation |
| products | right side of equation |
| coefficient | large number in front of compound indicates number of molecules of compounds |
| exothermic | type of reaction that gives off heat |
| endothermic | chemical reaction that absorbs energy |
| combustion | burning |
| coefficient | used to balance the number of atoms of each element on each side of the equation so follows law of conservation of mass |
| synthesis | type of reaction where 2 or more simple components are combined to form a more complex substance |
| analysis/decomposition | type of reaction where complex substance is broken down |
| double replacement | pattern of this type of equation/reaction AB + CD --> AC + BD |
| synthesis | pattern of this type of equation/reaction A + B --> AB |
| single replacement | pattern of this type of equation/reaction AB + C --> AC + B |
| analysis/decomposition | pattern of this type of equation/reaction A B --> A + B |
| synthesis | type of equation for the following reaction 2Na + Cl2 --> 2 NaCl |
| single replacement | type of equation for the following reaction 2NaCl + Mg --> MgCl2 + 2Na |
| decomposition/analysis | type of equation for the following reaction 2 NaCl--> 2 Na + Cl2 |
| double replacement | type of equation for the following reaction 2 NaCl + Mg Br2 --> 2NaBr + Mg Cl2 |
| precipitate | cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution. |
| aqueous | aq |
| solid | (s) |
| gas | (g) |
| liquid | (l) |
| combustion | type of reaction that emits light or heat |
| combustion | products are CO2 and H2O |
| cation displacement | single replacement equations in which 2 metals exchange places |
| anion displacement | single replacement equation in which 2 negative ions exchange positions to form product |
| synthesis/composition | type of reaction: element + element --> compound |
| analysis/decomposition | type of reaction: compound --> element + element |
| single replacement -cation | Mg + 2HCl → H₂ + MgCl₂ |
| NaCl + I2 | correct formulas for the products in these single replacement reactions.: Cl₂ + NaI → |
| double replacement | FeS + HCl → FeCl₂+ H₂S |
| decomposition | 2HgO → 2Hg + O₂ |
| coefficent | a number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula. It shows how many atoms or molecules of the substance are involved in the reaction |
| law of conservation of matter | matter cannot be created or destroyed but only change forms |
| chemical reactions | occur as a result of bonds forming or breaking |
| Lavoisier | developed law of conservation of matter |
| Stoichiometry | the relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction or forming a compound, |
| Empirical Formula | A formula showing the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound |
| reactant | What is present in the chemical reaction from the start of it |
| Stoichiometry | In Greek, stoikhein means element and metron means measure, |
| product | the chemical formed at the end of a chemical reaction after it is done |
| Chemical equation | A __________ is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. |
| Conservation of mass | The law of __________ states that the total amount of matter within a closed system will remain constant, regardless of the processes acting inside the system. |
