| A | B |
|---|
| ATOMS | SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER WITH PROPERTIES OF SINGLE ELEMENT |
| ELEMENT | PURE SUBSTANCE OF ONE TYPE OF ATOM |
| SUBATOMIC PARTICLES | PARTICFLES THAT MAKEUP AN ATOM |
| PROTONS | POSITIVE ATOMIC PARTICLE FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM |
| NEUTRONS | NEUTRALLY CHARGED PARTICLE FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM |
| ELECTRONS | NEGATIVE ATOMIC PARTICLES FOUND SURROUNDING THE NUCLEUS |
| NUCLEUS | center of an atom; made up of protons and neutrons |
| PERIODIC LAW | properties of elements tend to repeat in a regular pattern when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number |
| METALS | grouped on left side of periodic table; elements are shiny and conduct heat and electricity |
| NONMETALS | elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity; grouped on the right side of periodic table |
| METALLOIDS | elements that have properties of metals and nonmetals |
| ATOMIC MASS | weighted average mass of element's isotopes |
| MENDELEEV | father of periodic table: determined the relationship of elements to organize them into a table |
| physical change | no change in the chemical makeup of substance |
| physical change | changes between states of matter such as freezing and melting |
| boron | Name of element with 5 protons |
| helium | Name of element with 2 electrons |
| nonmetals | classification of elements such as carbon and fluorine |
| chemical change | result of a reaction in which the chemical makeup of the substance changes |
| mass number | sum of protons and neutrons |
| isotopes | members of a family of an element that all have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
| sublimation | process in which a solid gets converted directly in to gaseous state other than liquid |
| deposition | phase transition in which matter transitions directly from a gaseous state into a solid state without passing through an intermediate liquid phase |
| freezing | The process through which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid. |
| condensation | The change of a gas or vapor to a liquid |
| vaporization | includes boiling and evaporation |
| melting | process by which a substance changes from the solid phase to the liquid phase |
| solid | state of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable |
| liquid | sample of matter that conforms to the shape of a container in which it is held |
| gas | a form of matter that is neither solid nor liquid and can increase in size to fill any container |
| plasma | a state of matter where the gas phase is energized until atomic electrons are no longer associated with any particular atomic nucleus |
| evaporation | change of a liquid into a vapor at the surface of the liquid |
| liquid | has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape |
| amorphous solid | lacks the long-range order characteristic of a crystal |
| malleable | characteristic of substance that can be hammered into thin sheets |
| physical property | can be observed without changing identity of matter |
| chemical property | results in matters ability to change into a new (different substance |
| phases (states) of matter | The physical forms that matter can take, solid, liquid, gas, plasma. |
| phase change | The change of matter from one phase to another. Solid melting to a liquid, or liquid becoming a gas. It always involves a change in energy levels. |
| absolute zero | When particles completely stop moving. It cannot be achieved on earth because the center is molten (liquid rock). |
| matter | anything that has a mass and a volume and can be classified as solids, liquids, or gases. |
| fluid | A substance that can flow and therefore take the shape of its container. |
| chemistry | The study of matter and its changes. |
| chemical change | milk souring |
| physical property | color of paper |
| chemical property | ability of a substance to burn |
| physical change | cutting paper into pieces |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| viscosity | resistance of a fluid to change shape or movement |
| crystal | matter that is formed from an ordered arrangement of atoms |
| solution | homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent |
| NEWTON'S 1ST LAW | an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an outside force |
| NEWTON'S 2ND LAW | more force = more acceleration |
| NEWTON'S 3RD LAW | for every action there is an = and opposite reaction |
| NEWTON'S 3RD LAW | A fireman turns on his hose & is knocked backwards |
| NEWTON'S 2ND LAW | You have to push a heavy ball harder to get it to move as fast as a small one |
| NEWTON'S 1ST LAW | A soccer ball will not move until a player kicks it |
| LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY | ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED |
| MECHANICAL | SUM OF POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY IN A SYSTEM |
| JOULE (J) | SCIENTIFIC UNIT FOR ENERGY |
| HEAT | THERMAL ENERGY |
| FISSON | SPLITTING OF ATOMIC NUCLEI |
| FUSION | MERGING OF ATOMIC NUCLEI |
| POTENTIAL ENERGY | ENERGY OF POSITION (Stored Energy) |
| KINETIC ENERGY | ENERGY OF MOTION |
| inverse relationship | A situation where if one variable increases, the other tends to decrease |
| inverse relationship | What is the relationship between kinetic energy and potential energy? |
| inertia | The resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion. Its tendency is to keep objects moving in a straight line at a constant velocity |
| Newton (N) | scientific unit for force |
| friction | force that acts between two objects to resit motion (acts opposite of the way they want) |
| gravity | A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses. |
| Newton's 2nd Law | F = m x a |
| rolling, sliding, fluid, static | types of friction |
| terminal velocity | reaching maximum velocity |
| centripetal force | refers to motion in a curved path representing accelerated motion, and requires a force directed toward the center of curvature of the path. This force is called the centripetal force which means "center seeking" force. |
| Drag | air resistence |
| lift | upward acting force on a wing or airfoil |
| thrust | is used to overcome the drag of an airplane, and to overcome the weight of a rocket |
| SIMPLE MACHINES | Tools that make work easier by allowing us to push or pull over increased distances. |
| WEDGE | A simple machine that is wide at one end and pointed at the other to help cut or split other objects. |
| WHEEL AND AXLE | a disk that turns around axis and transfers force to and from an axis |
| LEVER | A stiff bar that moves about a fixed point |
| FULCRUM | PIVOT POINT ON A LEVER |
| MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE | the number of time the force exerted on a machine is multiplied by the machine |
| INCLINED PLANE | MACHINE WITH A FLAT SURFACE WITH ONE END HIGHER THAN THE OTHER |
| SCREW | an inclined plane wound around a central cylinder |
| TISSUES | group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit |
| CELL | the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body |
| CYTE | affix meaning "cell" |
| TISSUES | Groups of cells with similar structure and function |
| ORGANS | Any structure that has definite anatomical boundaries, is visually distinguishable from adjacent organs and is composed of two or more types of tissue working together to carry out a particular function |
| ORGAN SYSTEMS | A group of organs that carries out a basic function of the organism |
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE | Protections, absorption, filtration, secretion |
| connective tissue | Binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection |
| nervous tissue | groups of organized cells in the nervous system, which is the organ system that controls the body’s movements, sends and carries signals to and from the different parts of the body, and has a role in controlling bodily functions such as digestion. |
| muscle tissue | Function is to produce movement / Three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| SKELETAL MUSCLES | striated or striped or voluntary muscles that function for movement |
| CARDIAC MUSCLES | an involuntary, striated muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the wall of the heart |
| SMOOTH MUSCLES | an involuntary, non-striated muscle,contracts without any voluntary control |
| STRIATIONS | any of the alternating light and dark crossbands that are visible in certain muscle fibers |
| MULTI | affix meaning "MORE THAN ONE" |
| UNI | affix meaning "ONE" |
| INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE | the muscles that contract or move without conscious control |
| VOLUNTARY MUSCLE | skeletal muscles that contract and relax under conscious control |
| NEURONS | electrically excitable cells that transmit signals throughout the body |
| Abiotic | Non-living parts of an ecosystem |
| Biotic | Living parts of an ecosystem |
| Food chain | Pathway which energy follows from producer to consumer |
| Producer | Organism that is capable of making its own food |
| Consumer | Organism that relies on producers as a food source |
| Predator | One that captures, kills, and consumes another |
| Prey | One that us captured, killed and consumed by another |
| Carrying capacity | Number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support |
| Ecosystem | All the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment |
| Ecology | Study of organisms and their environment |
| Biosphere | Area on and around earth where life exists |
| Community | All the populations in an area |
| Population | All the members of a species in an area |
| Species | Group of organisms capable of producing fertile offspring in the natural environment |
| Habitat | Physical area where an organism lives |
| Niche | The way of life of a species, the role the species plays in its ecosystem |
| Herbivore | Animals that eat only plants |
| Carnivore | Animals that eat only other animals |
| Omnivore | Animals that eat both plants and animals |
| diversity (biodiversity) | a variety of organisms |
| consumer | animals that eat other animals as food |
| producer | organisms that can make their own food (like plants) |
| autotroph | another name for a plant or producer |
| heterotroph | another name for an animal or consumer |
| scavenger | organism that gets nutrients from dead animals (vulture) |
| niche | role of an organism in an ecosystem |
| symbiotic mutualism | close, long term relationship in which both organisms benefit from their association |
| symbiotic commensalism | close, long term relationship in whichone organism benefits, the other is not affected |
| symbiotic parasitism | close, long term relationship in which one organism benefits, the other is harmed |
| ecosystem | all of the organisms and the non-living environment found in a place |
| competition | two or more organisms want (and fight for) the same resource (like water) |
| carrying capacity | number of individuals of a species the ecosystem can support |
| population density | number of a species in a specific area |
| producer | another term for autotroph |
| host | organism that is harmed in a parasitic relationship |
| symbiosis | close, long term relationship between two different types of organisms |
| TUNDRA BIOME | treeless plains that are the coldest of all the biomes |
| DETRITIVORE | heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (dead organic materials) |
| scavenger | animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators |
| tropical rain forest | most diverse and hottest terrestrial biome, biome near the equator with warm climate wet weather and lush plant growth |
| savanna grassland | scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought |
| Boreal "taiga" forest | long, cold winters and small amounts of precipitation; characterized by a northern coniferous forest composed of pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce tree and acidic, mineral-poor topsoils. Collection of needles carpet the forest floor. |
| hot desert | low moisture levels and infrequent and unpredictable precipitation; daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate widely; because of little rainfall that it supports only sparse and widely spaced vegetation or no vegetation at all |
| biome | a group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms |
| climate | the average annual conditions of temperature, precipitation, winds, and clouds in an area |
| frame of reference | a standard relative to which motion and rest may be measured |
