| A | B |
|---|
| Intellectual disability | disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains |
| Intellectual disability -Mild | Capable of independent living with assistance during times of stress. |
| Intellectual disability -Moderate | Can perform some activities independently. Requires supervision. |
| Intellectual disability -Severe | May be trained in elementary hygiene skills. Requires complete supervision. |
| Intellectual disability -Profound | No capacity for independent functioning. Requires constant aid and supervision. |
| Autism spectrum disorder | A heterogenous group of neurodevelopmental syndromes characterized by a wide range of communication impairments and restricted, repetitive behaviors |
| ASD Impairment in Social Interaction | Difficulty forming interpersonal relationships with others. They show little interest in people and often do not respond to others’ attempts at interaction |
| ASD Impairment in Communication and Imaginative Activity | Language may be totally absent or characterized by immature structure or idiosyncratic utterances whose meaning is clear only to those who are familiar with the child’s past experiences. Nonverbal communication, such as facial expression or gestures, may be absent or socially inappropriate. |
| ASD Restricted Activities and Interests | Stereotyped body movements (hand-clapping, rocking, whole-body swaying) and verbalizations (repetition of words or phrases) are typical |
| Treatment of irritability associated with ASD | Risperidone & Aripiprazole |
| ADHD- Hyperactivity | Excessive psychomotor activity that may be purposeful or aimless, accompanied by physical movements and verbal utterances that are usually more rapid than normal. Inattention and distractibility are common with hyperactive behavior. |
| ADHD- Impulsiveness | The trait of acting without reflection and without thought to the consequences of the behavior. An abrupt inclination to act (and the inability to resist acting) on certain behavioral urges. |
| Major neurotransmitters implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD | Dopamine, norepinephrine, and possibly serotonin. |
| ADHD- Inattention | Negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities |
| ADHD- Medication | CNS stimulants (Methylphenidate) |
| Tourette’s disorder | characterized by the presence of multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics, which may appear simultaneously or at different periods during the illness |
| Tourette’s disorder Medication | Antipsychotics & Alpha Agonists |
| Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) | s characterized by a persistent pattern of angry mood and defiant behavior that occurs more frequently than is usually observed in individuals of comparable age and developmental level and interferes with social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning |
| Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) Characteristics | passive-aggressive behaviors such as stubbornness, procrastination, disobedience, carelessness, negativism, testing of limits, resistance to directions, deliberately ignoring the communication of others, and unwillingness to compromise. |
| Conduct disorder | repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated |
| Behavior therapy | based on the concepts of classical conditioning and operant conditioning |
| Positive reinforcements | encourage repetition of desirable behaviors |
| Group therapy | Appropriate social behavior often is learned from the positive and negative feedback of peers. |
| Child play therapy | to help their clients better express themselves and resolve their problems. |
