| A | B |
|---|
| Congenital heart disease | Cyanotic [right to left shunt] vs acyanotic [left to right shunt] |
| Acyanotic congenital heart disease | Ventricular and Atrial Septal Defects and Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
| Ventricular Septal Defect | Most common congenital defect; more common in Down’s syndrome |
| Atrial Septal Defect | Second most common congenital heart disease; loud P2 heart sound |
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | Failure of ductus to close after birth |
| Cyanotic congenital heart disease | Fallot’s tetralogy |
| Fallot’s tetralogy | Most common cyanotic congenital heart disease |
| Features of Fallot’s tetralogy | Pulmonary stenosis |
| Transposition of the great vessels | Rare cyanotic congenital heart disease |
| Persistent Truncus Arteriosus | Rare cyanotic congenital heart disease |
| Rheumatic fever Post-strep complication: | Jones’ major and minor criteria + raised ASOT |
| Jones’ major criteria | Sydenham chorea |
| Jones’ minor criteria | Polyarthralgia |
| Type of erythema in rheumatic fever | Erythema marginatum: red rash with a serpiginous [snake-like] border |
| Jones’ minor criteria | Fever |
| Anti-Streptolysin O Titer | Anti-Streptolysin O antibodies; Type II hypersensitivity; recent strep infection |
| Rheumatic fever pathology | Aschoff bodies and MacCallum’s patches in the left atrium |
| Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease | Persistent damage to the mitral and then aortic valves |
| Subacute endocarditis | Infection of previously damaged valves with Strep viridans |
| Features of subacute endocarditis | Low grade fever |
| Acute bacterial endocarditis | Infection of normal valves with Staph aureus; high fever |
| Libman Sacks Endocarditis | Verrucous endocarditis caused by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
| Coronary Artery Disease aka Ischemic Heart Disease: | angina pectoris and myocardial infarction |
| Prinzmetal angina | Coronary artery spasm |
| Myocardial infarction | Squeezing chest pain with sweating |
| ECG changes in MI | ST elevation |
| Congestive heart failure | CAD |
| Left [forward] heart failure | Dilated left ventricle |
| Right [backwards] heart failure | Left heart failure |
| Most common cause of RHF | Left heart failure |
| Cor pulmonale | Right-sided heart failure due to chronic lung disease like COPD |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium: viral |
| Bread and butter appearance | Fibrinous exudate seen in rheumatic fever pericarditis |
| Cardiomyopathy Damage to the myocardium: | viral infection |
| Types of cardiomyopathies | Dilated |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | Most common type of cardiomyopathy |
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | Amyloidosis is the most common cause |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Common cause of sudden death in young adults |
| Stress-related cardiomyopathy | Broken heart syndrome aka Takotsubo cardiomyopathy |
| Subclavian steal syndrome | Narrowing of one subclavian artery; reversed flow in the vertebral artery |
| Coarctation of the aorta | Narrowed aortic arch-radio-femoral delay-upper limb hypertension |
| Site of coarctation | Post-ductal is more common than pre-ductal narrowing |
| Abdominal Aortic aneurysm | Older male smokers |
| Atherosclerosis Cause of | coronary artery disease CVAs and some aneurysms |
| Foam cells | Characteristic feature of atherosclerosis aka lipid-filled macrophages |
| Takayasu disease | Granulomatous inflammatory autoimmune: pulseless disease |
| Buerger’s disease | Thromboangiitis obliterans; young male smokers; pallor on elevation of legs |
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | Segmental autoimmune inflammation of medium size arteries; Hepatitis B |
| Atrial myxoma | Benign connective tissue tumor seen more commonly in the left atrium |
