| A | B |
|---|
| Angina | Myocardial ischemia due to spasm |
| Essential hypertension | due to as-yet undefined genetic and environmental factors. |
| Secondary hypertension | due to a disease resulting in increased levels of hormones with hypertensive effects |
| Hypotension | Reduction of actual or effective circulating blood volume |
| Murmurs | Turbulence of blood flow through stenotic or incompetent valves |
| Friction rub | due to pericarditis |
| Abnormal ECG altered waveform | Disturbed myocardial depolarization repolarization commonly due to ischemia or infarction |
| Abnormal ECG altered rhythm | Disturbed conduction of electrical activity due to disease affecting conducting tissue or causing appearance of foci of ectopic electrical activity |
| Abnormal pulse | Disordered heart rhythm due to atrial fibrillation |
| Collapsing pulse | aortic incompetence |
| Small volume pulse | shock heart failure and aortic stenosis |
| Raised jugular venous pressure | due to right or congestive cardiac failure |
| Edema | due to raised venous pressure exceeding plasma oncotic pressure |
| Dyspnea | due to left ventricular failure or mitral stenosis |
| Cyanosis | Partial bypass of pulmonary circulation or acquired impairment of circulation or oxygenation |
| Raised serum troponin or creatinine phosphokinase | myocardial infarction |
| Fleeting arthritis | Synovial inflammation in rheumatic fever |
| Leg ulcers | due to Impaired arterial or venous flow |
| Splinter hemorrhages common in | infective endocarditis |
| Skin purpuric rash | due to vasculitis |
| Vasovagal syncope | leads to sudden collapse |
| Stokes–Adams attacks due to | heart block or bradycardia. |
| Severe dysrhythmia | due to myocardial infarction |
| What type of blood shunt occurs in Congenital cyanotic heart disease | right to left shunt |
| What type of blood shunt occurs in congenital acyanotic heart disease | left to right shunt |
| Acyanotic congenital heart disease | Ventricular and Atrial Septal Defects and Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
| Ventricular Septal Defect | Most common congenital defect more common in Down’s syndrome |
| Atrial Septal Defect | Second most common congenital heart disease loud P2 heart sound |
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | Failure of ductus to close after birth machinery murmur Rubella syndrome |
| Cyanotic congenital heart diseases | Fallot’s tetralogy persistent truncus arteriosus transposition of great vessels |
| Fallot’s tetralogy | Most common cyanotic congenital heart disease |
| Features of Fallot’s tetralogy | Pulmonary stenosis right ventricular hypertrophy VSD overriding aorta |
| Transposition of the great vessels | Rare cyanotic congenital heart disease aorta leaves the right ventricle |
| Persistent Truncus Arteriosus | Rare cyanotic congenital heart disease failure of truncal septation |
| Rheumatic fever | Post-strep complication Jones’ major and minor criteria and raised ASOT |
| Jones’ major criteria | Sydenham chorea Polyarthritis Erythema Carditis Subcutaneous nodules |
| Jones’ minor criteria | Polyarthralgia fever prolonged PR interval |
| Type of erythema in rheumatic fever | Erythema marginatum red rash with a serpiginous [snake-like] border |
| Anti-Streptolysin O Titer Anti-Streptolysin O antibodies | Type II hypersensitivity recent strep infection |
| Rheumatic fever pathology | Aschoff bodies and MacCallum’s patches in the left atrium |
| Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease | Persistent damage to the mitral and then aortic valves |
| Subacute endocarditis | Infection of previously damaged valves with Strep viridans |
| Features of subacute endocarditis | Low grade fever Osler’s nodes Janeway’s nodes splinter hemorrhages |
| Acute bacterial endocarditis | Infection of normal valves with Staph aureus high fever valve destruction |
| Libman Sacks Endocarditis | Verrucous endocarditis caused by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
| Coronary Artery Disease | aka Ischemic Heart Disease angina pectoris and myocardial infarction |
| Angina pectoris | Reversible coronary artery narrowing squeezing pain relieved by rest |
| Prinzmetal angina | Coronary artery spasm squeezing pain occurs at rest emotional stress |
| Myocardial infarction | Squeezing chest pain with sweating feeling of impending doom ↑troponin |
| ECG changes in MI | ST elevation T wave inversion pathological Q waves |
| Congestive heart failure | Hypertension Valvular heart disease and congenital heart disease |
| Left [forward] heart failure | Dilated left ventricle paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and basal crackles |
| Right [backwards] heart failure | Left heart failure cor pulmonale ↑JVP +hepatojugular reflex leg edema |
| Most common cause of RHF | Left heart failure |
| Cor pulmonale | Right-sided heart failure due to chronic lung disease like COPD |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium viral bacterial or metabolic [uremia] |
| Bread and butter appearance | Fibrinous exudate seen in rheumatic fever pericarditis |
| Cardiomyopathy | Damage to the myocardium viral infection alcohol pregnancy or stress |
| Types of cardiomyopathies | Dilated constrictive or hypertrophic |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | Most common type of cardiomyopathy |
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | Amyloidosis is the most common cause |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Common cause of sudden death in young adults |
| Stress-related cardiomyopathy | Broken heart syndrome aka Takotsubo cardiomyopathy |
| Subclavian steal syndrome | Narrowing of one subclavian artery reversed flow in the vertebral artery |
| Coarctation of the aorta | Narrowed aortic arch |
| Radio-femoral delay | upper limb hypertension |
| Site of coarctation | Post-ductal is more common than pre-ductal narrowing |
| Abdominal Aortic aneurysm | Older male smokers atherosclerosis infra-renal pulsatile mass with bruit |
| Atherosclerosis | Cause of coronary artery disease CVAs and some aneurysms |
| Foam cells | Characteristic feature of atherosclerosis aka lipid-filled macrophages |
| Takayasu disease | Granulomatous inflammatory autoimmune pulseless disease |
| Buerger’s disease | Thromboangiitis obliterans young male smokers pallor on elevation of legs |
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | Segmental autoimmune inflammation of medium size arteries Hepatitis B |
| Atrial myxoma | Benign connective tissue tumor seen more commonly in the left atrium |
