| A | B |
|---|
| Bacteremia | Bacteria in the blood stream |
| Capsule | Sticky lipopolysaccharide covering that prevents phagocytosis |
| Bacterial Growth phases | Lag Log Stationary and Death |
| Lag growth phase | Number of cells are constant as they prepare for growth; no multiplication |
| Log growth phase | Exponential growth |
| Stationary growth phase | New growth matches die off rate as nutrients run out of food |
| Gram stain | Gram positive [BLUE] or negative [RED] |
| Gram stain steps | Crystal Violet H2O Iodine H2O Acetone alcohol wash Safranin H2O |
| bacteria Shape | Coccus[round] Bacillus[ rod] or Vibrio [comma-shaped] |
| Facultative anaerobic bacteria | Prefers to live with O2 but has the facility to live without oxygen |
| Facultative anaerobes | Streptococci staphylococci E. coli Listeria |
| Obligate anaerobic | Cannot live in the presence of O2 |
| Obligate aerobic | Cannot live without O2-Mycobacteria |
| Microaerophilic | Needs a very small amount of O2-Helicobacter pylori |
| Thermophile bacteria | [45-900 degrees] |
| Mesophile bacteria | [20-450 degrees] |
| psychrophile bacteria | [0-200 degress] |
| Bacterial DNA transfer Conjugation | Mating of 2 bacterial cells via sex pilus |
| Bacterial DNA Transduction | DNA transfer from 1 bacteria to another via a virus |
| Bacterial DNA Transformation | DNA transfer from 1 bacteria to another via death or lab synthesis |
| Urease effects | [urea splitting] |
| Nitrate producing bacteria | Klebsiella E. coli |
| Coagulase positive bacteria | Staphylococcus aureus [all other staphylococci are coagulase-negative] |
| Glucose fermentation bacteria | Neisseria gonorrhea and meningitidis |
| Hemolysis producing bacteria | α: Strep pneumonia and viridians β: Strep pyogenes and Staph. aureus |
| Lactose fermenting bacteria | Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| Maltose fermenting bacteria | Neisseria meningitidis and Proteus mirabilis |
| Bacteria without cell walls | Mycoplasma |
| Obligate intracellular parasite bacteria | Chlamydia Rickettsia Ehrlichia Mycoplasma and Coxiella |
| Flexible bacteria | spirochetes |
| All bacteria have cell walls except | MYCOPLASMA |
| All cocci are Gram positive except | NEISSERIA |
| All bacilli are Gram negative except | the BaCCiLus grou |
| BACCiLus group | Bacillus Actinomyces Clostridium Corynebacterium and Listeria |
| Only 2 Gram+ bacilli are spore-forming | Bacillus and Clostridium |
| All Gram negative bacilli are enteric except | 8 non-enteric bacilli |
| All UTI-causing bacteria are nitrite+ except | STAPH. SAPROPHYTICUS |
| Actinomyces israelii | Gram + rod causes yellow pus from wound near jaw/neck |
| Bacillus anthracis | Gram + spore-forming rod causes Woolsorter’s disease malignant pustule |
| Bacillus cereus | Gram +spore-forming rod |
| Bartonella henselae | Gram negative non-enteric rod cat scratch disease cats are the reservoir |
| Bordetella pertussis | Paroxysmal bouts of coughing followed by an inspiratory whoop |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Darkfield microscopy Ixodes vector-deer tick Lyme disease bull’s eye rash |
| Brucella abortus | Gram negative non-enteric causes relapsing fever contaminated milk or pigs |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Gram negative enteric food poisoning - unpasteurized milk puppies w/ diarrhea |
| Chlamydia psittaci | Obligate intracellular parasite causes lung infection in bird keepers |
| Chlamydia trachomatis ABC | Commonest cause of blindness in Africa |
| Chlamydia trachomatis D-K | Urethritis PID Reiter’s syndrome conjunctivitis arthritis urethritis |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | Lymphogranuloma venereum-painful buboes sign of the groove |
| Clostridium tetani | Gram + rod causes lockjaw [trismus] produces exotoxin-tetanospasmin |
| Clostridium botulinum | Transmitted by contaminated honey causes vomiting paralysis and diplopia |
| Clostridium perfringens | Deep puncture wound followed by muscle necrosis and gas bubbles |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Gram + rod grey pseudomembrane in the throat and heart damage |
| Coxiella burnetti | Obligate intracellular unpasteurized milk or inhaled [barn setting] Q fever skin rash rare |
| Enterobacter cloacae | Gram negative enteric catalase positive rod causing UTI |
| Escherichia coli | Gram negative enteric lactose-fermenting catalase-positive most common cause of UTI undercooked beef |
| E. coli typing | O and H types are used to identify pathogenic strains |
| E. coli subtype O157 H7 | Causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome-liver and renal failure |
| Francisella tularensis | Gram negative |
| Helicobacter pylori | Gram negative urease+ rod causes peptic ulcer gastritis stomach cancer |
| Hemophilus aegypti | Gram negative non-enteric rod causes pink eye disease |
| Hemophilus ducreyi | Gram negative non-enteric rod causes chancroid-painful yellow genital sore |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Gram negative enteric lactose-fermenting bacillus-pneumonia UTI |
| Legionella pneumophila | Gram negative non-enteric lung infection from infected air conditioners |
| Leptospira interrogans | Spirochete darkfield microscopy Weil’s disease spread by contaminated water |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Gram + non-spore forming contaminated milk or ice cream meningitis |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Gram resistant thick waxy wall Ziehl Neelsen stain Lowenstein-Jensen m. |
| Mycobacterium leprae | Gram resistant bacteria like cool places like peripheral nerves and face |
| Neisseria gonorrhea | Gram negative intracellular glucose-fermenting coccus-urethritis and arthritis |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Gram negative coccus which ferments maltose and glucose-meningitis |
| Proteus mirabilis | Gram negative enteric maltose-fermenting urea-splitting rod UTI w/ bladder stones |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gram negative non-enteric bacillus |
| Rickettsia prowazeki | Obligate intracellular bacteria epidemic typhus causes high fever and skin rash lice |
| Rickettsia rickettsii | Obligate intracellular bacteria Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever high fever and rash on palms & soles that spreads to the trunk tick |
| Salmonella typhi | Gram negative enteric causes rose-colored spots and step-ladder fever |
| Serratia marcescens | Gram negative bacillus produces red pigment and causes UTI |
| Shigella dysenteriae | Gram negative enteric non-lactose fermenting causes dysentery |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Gram + catalase& coagulase + coccus infects healthy valves causes ABE |
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus | Gram + catalase+ coagulase - urease + nitrite negative coccus causes UTI |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Gram positive catalase negative α-hemolytic coccus in strips pneumonia rust sputum |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | Gram positive catalase negative β-hemolytic coccus rheumatic fever |
| Streptococcus viridans | Gram positive catalase negative α-hemolytic affects damaged valves-SBE |
| Treponema pallidum | Spirochete darkfield microscopy syphilis painless indurated penile lesion |
| Vibrio cholera | Gram negative enteric comma-causes severe diarrhea with rice water stool |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Gram negative enteric comma-causes food poisoning raw salt water shellfish |
| Vibrio vulnificus | Gram negative enteric comma-causes necrotizing fasciitis salt water |
| Yersinia pestis | Gram negative enteric rod causes bubonic and pneumonic plague rat fleas prairie dogs/squirrels/rats |
| Food poisoning causing bacteria | E. coli C. botulinum S. aureus B cereus Vibrio and Salmonella |
| Zoonosis | Disease transmitted from animals to humans in specific occupations |
| Rabbit skinning | Francisella tularensis |
| Abattoir worker | Brucella abortus |
| Sheep sharer | Bacillus anthracis |
| Fishermen | Vibrio vulnificus |
| Cane field workers | Leptospira interrogans spread by rats |
| Endotoxin | Dead Gram negative enteric bacteria outer wall heat stable systemic effects |
| Exotoxin | Live Gram+ destroyed by heat antigenic targets specific tissue |
| Tetanospasmin | Exotoxin which targets the nerves stops GABA production-decrease inhibition |
| Botulinum | Exotoxin which targets the acetylcholine receptor at the NMJ-flaccid paralysis |
| Red currant jelly sputum | Klebsiella pneumoniae causes pneumonia is alcoholics |
