| A | B |
|---|
| Asthma | Reversible bronchospasm; Charcot Leyden’s crystals Curschmann’s spirals |
| Atelectasis | Partial collapse of the lung: compression contraction or resorption |
| Compression atelectasis | Pleural effusion or pneumothorax pushes trachea away from side of lesion |
| Resorption atelectasis | Foreign body blocking bronchus pulls trachea towards side with pathology |
| COPD | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
| Emphysema | Pink puffers with pursed lips breathing overinflated lungs loss of elasticity |
| Types of lung damage in emphysema | Centriacinar and panacinar α1-anti-trypsin deficiency |
| Centriacinar type of emphysema | Associated with cigarette smoking |
| Panacinar type of emphysema | Associated with α1-anti-trypsin deficiency emphysema in a non-smoker |
| Chronic bronchitis | Blue bloater cough >3/12 for 2 consecutive years cyanosis and leg edema |
| Lung cancer | Weight loss hemoptysis but no fever or night sweats smoking [90%] |
| Lung cancer types | Squamous cell [35%] adenocarcinoma [35%] small cell lung cancer [20%] |
| Squamous cell lung cancer | Most common cancer seen in patients with asbestosis and smoking |
| Causes of lung cancer | moking asbestosis cadmium nickel arsenic coal tar and diesel fumes |
| Lung cancer presentation | Cough hemoptysis unexplained weight loss Horner syndrome hoarseness |
| Small cell lung cancer | Associated with ectopic PTH ACTH or ADH |
| Pancoast tumor | Apical lung cancer may present with hoarseness and Horner’s syndrome |
| Hoarseness | Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| Horner’s syndrome | Unilateral ptosis miosis and anhydrosis due to sympathetic nerve damage |
| Weakness in the hand | Invasion of the lower roots of the brachial plexus |
| Pneumoconiosis | Occupational lung disease due to inhalation of inorganic material |
| Anthracosis | Coal miners inhalation of anthracite not associated with lung cancer |
| Asbestosis | Asbestos used in fire proofing ferruginous bodies mesothelioma |
| Silicosis | Stone quarry workers inhalation of silica dust most common worldwide |
| Siderosis | Iron ore workers inhalation of iron oxide dust |
| Caplan’s lung | Pneumoconiosis [mainly anthracosis] seen in rheumatoid arthritis |
| Hypersensitivity lung diseases | Type IV hypersensitivity reaction due to inhalation of organic material |
| Bagassosis | Sugar cane workers exposure to sugar cane waste |
| Byssinosis | Cotton millers cotton or flax textile fiber dust inhalation |
| Farmer’s lung | Farmers exposed to hay dust or moldy hay |
| Silo filler’s lung | Chemical pneumonitis due to exposure to nitrogen dioxide in silos |
| Bird fancier’s disease | Type 1 hypersensitivity lung disease caused by inhaling dry bird poop |
| Pneumonia | Lung infection with congestion red and gray hepatization in the lung |
| Pleural effusion | Excess fluid in pleural cavity CHF TB nephrotic syndrome pneumonia |
| Tuberculosis | Caseous necrosis apical lesions Langhans cells erythema nodosum |
| Ghon focus | Subpleural focus of calcified necrosis in lower part of the upper lobe |
| Ghon complex | Ghon focus PLUS reactive regional lymphadenopathy |
| Primary tuberculosis | Most common in children with Ghon focus and reginal nodes non-infective |
| Secondary tuberculosis | Reactivation of quiescent primary tuberculosis due to immune suppression |
| Sarcoidosis | females non-caseous necrosis bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy |
| Other features in sarcoidosis | Iritis splenomegaly and erythema nodosum |
| Erythema nodosum | Red painful nodes on the anterior legs also seen in tuberculosis |
