| A | B |
|---|
| solid | a state of matter with a fixed volume and shape |
| liquid | a state of matter with a defined volume but no defined shape |
| gas | a state of matter that does not have a definite volume or shape |
| plasma | a state of matter in which the particles of a gas become highly charged (ionized) |
| pure substance | a material with a particular chemical makeup |
| element | a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions |
| compound | a pure substance that is formed when two or more different elements combine; can usually be separated into component elements by chemical reaction |
| mixture | a combination of substances that can be physically separated from one another |
| homogeneous mixture | made up of one uniform component; often used to describe a mixture with a consistent composition and a single phase throughout |
| heat energy | a form of energy that transfers between particles in a substance or system through kinetic energy transfer |
| emulsion | a mixture of two or more liquids that cannot dissolve in each other |
| colloid | a type of heterogeneous mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a liquid, solid, or gas medium |
| suspension | a heterogeneous mixture in which moderate sized particles are suspended in a liquid or gas where they are supported by buoyancy |
| heterogeneous mixture | made up of two or more distinct components; usually refers to a mixture in which individual substances are distinct |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two substances that appear as only one state of matter |
| phase of matter | the physical forms in which matter exists |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved in another substance |
| solvent | the substance that dissolves another substance |
| alloy | a mixture of a metal and another element, either metal or nonmetal |
| extensive properties | a property that depends on the size of an object or system |
| intensive properties | features of substances that do not vary with quantity |
| physical change | a change in matter that does not affect its chemical composition |
| chemical change | a process in which one or more reactants are changed into one or more different products. |
| sublimation | matter phase change from solid directly to gas |
| indicator | a substance that undergoes specific color changes while reacting with substances of different pH |
| precipitate | solid particles that have been separated from a solution |
| cation | an ion that has more protons than electrons and therefore has a net positive charge |
| anion | an ion that has more electrons than protons and therefore has a negative charge |
| ion | a charged atom or group of atoms formed by the addition or removal of one or more electrons |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond in which one atom gives up electrons (cation) to another atom that gains the electrons (anion); results from a difference in electronegativity greater than |
| covalent bond | a type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared by atoms |
| synthesis reaction | a reaction in which two or more elements or compounds combine to form a more complex compound |
| decomposition | a reaction that involves the breakdown of substances into two or more substances |
| single displacement | a chemical process in which an element or ion moves from one reactant to another |
| double displacement | a chemical reaction between two compounds where the cations in two compounds switch the anions they are bonded to, resulting in two new compounds |
| combustion | a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat |
| molar mass | measure of the average molecular mass of all the molecules in an element or compound. It is the mass of the substance (typically in grams) per amount of the substance (in moles) |
| covalent bond | a chemical link between two atoms that share electrons |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond in which one atom gives up electrons (cation) to another atom that gains the electrons (anion); results from a difference in electronegativity greater than 1.7 |
| chemical equation | notation or shorthand representation of reactions between two or more substances |
| catalyst | substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur, but is not changed by the reaction |
| coefficient | the number placed in front of a chemical formula to indicates the number of molecules present |
| conservation of mass | a fundamental principle of science stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a closed system |
| average atomic mass | the weighted average of the atomic mass of each isotope of the element, in proportion to the percentage of each isotope of the element occurring in nature |
| precipitate | solid particles that have been separated from a solution |
| coefficient | the number placed in front of a chemical formula to indicates the number of molecules present |
| subscript | a symbol, usually a letter or a number, placed immediately below and to the right of a written character |
| reactant | the substances present before a chemical reaction occurs; in a chemical reaction the arrow usually points away from the reactant(s) |
| product | the substances that are formed during a chemical reaction; in a chemical reaction the arrows point toward the product |
