| A | B |
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| organism | anything that has all of the characterisitcs of life (living and extinct things) |
| classification | the act of organizing things into groups, according to similarities |
| dichotomous key | a set of rules scientgist use to help classify organisms. It also is a tool for identifying unknown organisms. |
| Scientific name | two Latin words (Capitalize first word) used to name an organism; it is the Genus followed by species name |
| taxonomy | the science of classifying living and extinct organisms |
| Binomial Nomenclature | two names - Genus, Species |
| prokaryotes | cells without nucleus |
| classification | The division of organisms into groups and classes based on characteristics |
| species | The smallest, most specific classification level |
| prokaryotes | Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. |
| protista | Kingdom that includes mostly single-celled or simple mutlicellular organisms |
| fungi | This kingdom includes non-green, non-moving Eukaryotic organisms that break down substances outside their bodies and absorb the nutrients |
| eukaryotes | All organisms whose cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. |
| species | A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring |
| sessile | fixed in one place, not mobile |
| plants | This kingdom includes complex, multi-cellular organisms that are usually green, have cell walls, and make sugar by photosynthesis. |
| animal | This kingdom includes complex, multi-cellular organisms that lack cell walls, can usually move and respond to their environment. |
| class | The level of hierarchy just below phylum is |
| taxonomy | Science of Grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history |
| species | The lowest and most specific hierarchy level in biological classification |
| Kingdom Archaebacteria | 1. Unicellular (one cell) 2. Prokaryotic (no nucleus) 3. Archaic (Ancient or old) 4. Extremophiles (live in harsh conditions) |
| Kingdom Protista | kingdom composed of microscopic eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. |
| class | Kingdoms are divided into phyla, and a phylum is divided into |
| Kingdom Plantae | 1. Multicellular (many cells) 2. Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) 3. Autotrophic (photosynthesis) 4. Cell walls made of CELLULOSE |
| Genus | Group of closely related species, and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature |
| Kingdom Animalia | 1. Multicellular (many cells) 2. Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) 3. Heterotrophs (eat their food-consumers) 4. No cell walls |
| Homo sapiens | The scientific name for humans. -should be italicized or underlined |
| Kingdom Eubacteria | 1. Unicellular (one cell) 2. Prokaryotic (no nucleus) 3. Cause disease (like salmonella or E.coli) 4. Can be helpful (decompose, digest, make yogurt) |
| Kingdom, phylum, classes, order, families, genus, and species | What are the seven levels of classification from broad to specific? |
| Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. | Names of the 6 kingdoms |
| Plantae and Animalia | These kingdoms are multicellular |
| Archaebacteria and Eubacteria | These kingdoms are unicellular |
| Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia | These kingdoms are eukaryotic |
| Protists and Fungi | These kingdoms are both unicellular and multicellular |
| Archaebacteria and Eubacteria | These kingdoms are prokaryotic |
| autotrophic | organisms that make their own food |
| heterotrophic | organisms that get food from other sources |
| morphology | the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with functions between their structures. |
| phylogeny | study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development |
| dichotomous key | guide for the classification and identification of a living organism. |
| two | Dichotomous keys always give _______ distinct choices in each step. |
| biosphere | the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms. |
| scientific name | 2 parts composed of genus and species |
| binomial nomenclature | also known as scientific name |
| NUCLEUS | large, oval structure found in both plant and animal cells. It controls and regulates all cell activities. It contains genetic material. |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHLOROPLASTS | FOUND IN PLANT CELL & CONTAINS THE CHEMICAL CHLORPHYLL |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes carbohydrates, lipids, fats and such. No ribosomes on this organelle |
| LYSOSOME | Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| CYTOSKELETON | Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| CILIA | MULTIPLE, SHORT, HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS OFF OF MANY TYPES OF ANIMAL CELLS FOR TRANSPORTING FLUIDS OR PARTICLES |
| FLAGELLA | SINGLE OR FEW, WHIP-LIKE PROJECTION OFF A CELL THAT AIDES IN MOVEMENT. |
| NUCLEOPLASM | Fluid in the nucleus. |
| PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE | Regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Defines the area of the cell. Separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. |
| NUCLEUS | Contains the hereditary information (DNA). Controls the cell by providing the information to make specific proteins. |
| VESICLES | - Form by pinching off from other membranes. - Fuse with other membranes when they come into contact. - Used to transport materials. |
| ORGANELLE | cell parts with specialized function |
| CYTOSKELETON | A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell |
| CHROMATIN | A material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | responsible for the production and secretion of steroid hormones. |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | functions for detoxification, which is the removal of all the toxic materials such as (metabolic wastes or drugs) |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | associated with protein synthesis and also plays a vital role in protein folding |
| CYTOLOGY | STUDY OF CELLS |
| ROBERT HOOKE | 1665 -English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells |
| MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN | 1838 German botanist who determined plants are composed of cells. |
| RUDOLF VIRCHOW | 1858 - A doctor who stated that all living cells come from other living cells (part 3 of the cell theory) |
| ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK | 1673 Dutch naturalist who created a very powerful (for the time period) single lens microscope, He observed pond water. In pond scum he discovered small animals he called animalcules,or little animals (protists),and also discovered bacteria while examining scraping of crud from his teeth. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| THEODORE SCHWANN | German physiologist, histologist, & zoologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of animal tissue (1810-1882) |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| EU | true |
| PRO | before |
| KARY | nucleus |
| UNICELLULAR | single celled |
| MULTICELLULAR | many cells |
| CELL MEMBRANE | thin membrane that forms the outer surface of the protoplasm of a cell and regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell |
| CYTOPLASM | fluid that fills the cell, which includes the cytosol along with filaments, proteins, ions and macromolecular structures as well as the organelles suspended in the cytosol. |
| NUCLEUS | membrane-bound structure that contains a cell's hereditary information and controls its growth and reproduction. |
| PERMEABLE | having pores or openings that allow substances to pass through |
| CELL THEORY | -All living organisms are composed of cells. -Cells are the smallest unit of life -Cells come from pre-exsisting cells and cannot be created from non-living material. |
| CYTOPLASM | The jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks and, in some types of cells, organelles, is called . . . . |
| RIBOSOMES | Site of protein synthesis. |
| ROBERT HOOKE | The first to identify cells, and he named them. |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | Made better lenses, so he was able to observe cells in greater detail. |
| Matthias Scleiden | The first to note that plants are made of cells. |
| Rudolf Virchow | proposed that all cells come from other cells. |
| PATHOGEN | a microorganism that causes, or can cause, disease |
| SPONTANEOUS GENERATION | previously popular thinking that a living thing could arise or develop from a non-living thing |
| PASTEURIZATION | heating food process with as purpose to kill and eliminate harmful organisms |
| LOUIS PASTEUR | came up with the food preparation process known as pasteurization; he also developed vaccinations for anthrax and rabies. |
| Francesco Redi | conducted a controlled experiment where he showed living organisms come from other living organisms |
| CELL WALL | barrier around cell membrane in plant cells |
| cell membrane | barrier surrounding ALL cells that controls what goes in and out of the cell |
| PROKARYOTIC | CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS WITHOUT A NUCLEUS, USUALLY SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS SUCH AS BACTERIA. |
| EUKARYOTIC | CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS WITH MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES, MAY BE SINGLE OR MULTI CELLULAR --DEFINITELY PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS. |
