| A | B |
|---|
| NUCLEUS | large, oval structure found in both plant and animal cells. It controls and regulates all cell activities. It contains genetic material. |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes lipids, fats and such. No ribosomes on this organelle |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| POLAR HEAD | PART OF THE LIPID LAYER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. CHEMICAL MAKEUP IS PHOSPHATE AND IT IS HYDROPHILLIC |
| NON POLAR TAIL | PART OF THE LIPID BILAYER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. MADE UP OF FATTY ACIDS AND IS HYDROPHOBIC |
| PHOSPHOLIPID BACKBONE | PART OF THE LIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEAD AND TAIL ATTACH. MADE UP OF GLYCEROL |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHLOROPLASTS | FOUND IN PLANT CELL & CONTAINS THE CHEMICAL CHLORPHYLL |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes lipids, fats and such. No ribosomes on this organelle |
| LYSOSOME | Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| CYTOSKELETON | Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally. |
| CHROMATIN | plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function. |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| POLAR | MOLECULE WITH CHARGED ENDS LIKE PHOSPHATE HEADS ON THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
| NONPOLAR | INERT, A MOLECULE THAT DOES NOT HAVE CHARGED ENDS |
| CHOLESTEROL | PART OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IN AN ANIMAL CELL WHICH HELPS THE MEMBRANE BE LESS PERMEABLE AND PROVIDES SUPPORT TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHILE HELPING IT REMAIN FLUID |
| DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | ANOTHER TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT, USED FOR MOLECULES THAT CANNOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES USUALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND/OR SIZE |
| FLUID MOSAIC MODEL | DESCRIBES THE ARRANGEMENT AND MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS IN BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE |
| HYDROPHOBIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF FATTY ACID TAILS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE TAILS ARE WATER INSOLUABLE AND DISLIKE BEING IN CONTACT WITH WATER MOLECULES |
| HYDROPHILLIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF PHOSPHATE HEADS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEADS ARE WATER SOLUABLE AND ATTRACTED TO WATER MOLECULES |
| TONIC/TONICITY | ABILITY OF A SOLUTION TO CAUSE A CELL TO GAIN OR LOSE WATER |
| CARBOHYDRATES | USUALLY ATTACHED TO PROTEINS ON THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND HELP WITH CELL TO CELL IDENTIFICATION |
| LYSIS | BREAKING DOWN OF THE CELL MEMBRANE RESULTING IN THE SWELLING OF CELLS WHICH EVENTUALLY BURST |
| CYTOLOGY | STUDY OF CELLS |
| ORGANELLES | TINY MEMBRANE BOUND STRUCTURES FOUND ONLY IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS |
| NUCLEUS | large, oval structure found in both plant and animal cells. It controls and regulates all cell activities. It contains genetic material. |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| ROBERT HOOKE | 1665 -English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells |
| GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN | 1838 German botanist who determined plants are composed of cells. |
| RUDOLF VIRCHOW | 1858 - A doctor who stated that all living cells come from other living cells (part 3 of the cell theory) |
| CENTRIOLE | Play a role in mitosis (cell division), in animal cels only - Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubles in each group. These are part of the cytoskeleton. |
| LYSOSOME | Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell |
| ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK | 1673 Dutch naturalist who created a very powerful (for the time period) single lens microscope, He observed pond water. In pond scum he discovered small animals he called animalcules,or little animals (protists),and also discovered bacteria while examining scraping of crud from his teeth. |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| THEODORE SCHWANN | German physiologist, histologist, & zoologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of animal tissue (1810-1882) |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| CELL WALL | Thick outer layer in plant cells. Made of the carbohydrate cellulose. It maintains the shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in the plant cell's vacuole and pushes against it, creating turgor pressure. Also found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria. |
| NUCLEOPLASM | the protoplasm that is found inside the nucleus of a cell |
| PHOSPHOLIPID BACKBONE | PART OF THE LIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEAD AND TAIL ATTACH. MADE UP OF GLYCEROL |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| LYSOSOME | Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| CYTOSKELETON | Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally. |
| CHROMATIN | plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function. |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| CHOLESTEROL | ONLY FOUND IN THE LIPID BILAYER OF ANIMAL CELLS. NOT IN PLANT CELLS. HELPS STRENGTHEN THE BILAYER AND DECREASES PERMEABILITY |
| CILIA | MULTIPLE, SHORT, HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS OFF OF MANY TYPES OF ANIMAL CELLS FOR TRANSPORTING FLUIDS OR PARTICLES |
| FLAGELLA | SINGLE OR FEW, WHIP-LIKE PROJECTION OFF A CELL THAT AIDES IN MOVEMENT. |
| OSMOSIS | DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A MEMBRANE |
| DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | ANOTHER TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT, USED FOR MOLECULES THAT CANNOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES USUALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND/OR SIZE |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | ENERGY REQUIRING PROCESS THAT MOVES MATERIAL ACROSS A MEMBRANE AGAINST A CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT | REQUIRES NO ENERGY TO MOVE MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION |
| HYPERTONIC | HAVING A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN ANOTHER SOLUTION |
| ISOTONIC | TWO SOLUTIONS WITH AN EQUAL CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES |
| HYPOTONIC | HAVING A LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN ANOTHER SOLUTION |
| EQUILIBRIUM | A STATE OF BALANCE AMONG THE COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM |
| EXTRACELLULAR | ENVIRONMENT OUTSIDE THE CELL |
| INTRACELLULAR | ENVIRONMENT INSIDE THE CELL |
| APOPTOSIS | In multicellular organisms, cells that are no longer needed or are a threat to the organism are destroyed by a tightly regulated cell suicide process known as programmed cell death, |
| EXOCYTOSIS | is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell |
| SOLUTE | SUBSTANCE DISSOLVED IN ANOTHER SUBSTANCE SUCH AS WATER |
| SOLVENT | DISSOLVES SOLUTES...WATER IN OSMOSIS |
| SOLUTION | COMBINATION OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT |
| CYTOLOGY | STUDY OF CELLS |
| ROBERT HOOKE | 1665 -English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells |
| MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN | 1838 German botanist who determined plants are composed of cells. |
| RUDOLF VIRCHOW | 1858 - A doctor who stated that all living cells come from other living cells (part 3 of the cell theory) |
| ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK | 1673 Dutch naturalist who created a very powerful (for the time period) single lens microscope, He observed pond water. In pond scum he discovered small animals he called animalcules,or little animals (protists),and also discovered bacteria while examining scraping of crud from his teeth. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| THEODORE SCHWANN | German physiologist, histologist, & zoologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of animal tissue (1810-1882) |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| EU | true |
| PRO | before |
| KARY | nucleus |
| BIOLOGY | study of life |
| THEORY | well-substantiated explanation or a set of statements that have been confirmed over the course of many independent experiments |
| LAW | a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the world |
| SCIENCE | gaining knowledge by the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | an organism makes more of itself without exchanging genetic information with another organism--offspring has exactly the same genetic information as the parent |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different genders-results in genetic variation of offspring different from parents |
| METABOLISM | the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material. |
| RESPONSE | living things detect and respond to stimuli from their environment-may be positive or negative |
| STIMULUS | a signal to which an organism responds |
| UNICELLULAR | single celled |
| MULTICELLULAR | many cells |
| GENETIC CODE | Directions for inherited characteristics are carried by a DNA. |
| HOMEOSTASIS | the ability of a living thing to maintain the same internal conditions in order to stay alive. |
| EVOLUTION | the process of change in living things that happens over time |
| REPRODUCTION | the process living things go through to make new organisms • DNA is passed from parent to offspring |
| POSITIVE RESPONSE | movement towards stimulus |
| NEGATIVE RESPONSE | movement away from stimulus |
| ADAPTATION | process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment; it is the result of natural selection's acting upon heritable variation over several generations. |
| POLAR HEAD | PART OF THE LIPID LAYER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. CHEMICAL MAKEUP IS PHOSPHATE AND IT IS HYDROPHILLIC |
| NON POLAR TAIL | PART OF THE LIPID BILAYER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. MADE UP OF FATTY ACIDS AND IS HYDROPHOBIC |
| PHOSPHOLIPID BACKBONE | PART OF THE LIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEAD AND TAIL ATTACH. MADE UP OF GLYCEROL |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| POLAR | MOLECULE WITH CHARGED ENDS LIKE PHOSPHATE HEADS ON THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
| NONPOLAR | INERT, A MOLECULE THAT DOES NOT HAVE CHARGED ENDS |
| DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | ANOTHER TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT, USED FOR MOLECULES THAT CANNOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES USUALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND/OR SIZE |
| FLUID MOSAIC MODEL | DESCRIBES THE ARRANGEMENT AND MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS IN BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE |
| HYDROPHOBIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF FATTY ACID TAILS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE TAILS ARE WATER INSOLUABLE AND DISLIKE BEING IN CONTACT WITH WATER MOLECULES |
| HYDROPHILLIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF PHOSPHATE HEADS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEADS ARE WATER SOLUABLE AND ATTRACTED TO WATER MOLECULES |
| HYPERTONIC | concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside |
| ISOTONIC | refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. |
| HYPOTONIC | solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to another solution |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | classification of movement across cell membrane that uses energy |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT | classification of movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy |
| PHAGOCYTOSIS | cell engulfing a solid particle |
| PINOCYTOSIS | ingestion of liquid by a cell |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | uses energy to move materials into the cell |
| EXOCYTOSIS | type of active transport to move substances to the outside of the cell |
| OSMOSIS | MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE |
| SOLVENT | A liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved forming a solution |
| SOLUTE | a substance that is dissolved in a fluid |
| active transport | includes sodium pump, endocytosis, & exocytosis |
| passive transport | includes osmosis, facilitated diffusion, & simple diffusion |
| active transport | moves from an area of low concentration to high concentration |
| passive transport | moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| CONCENTRATION GRADIENT | the process of particles moving through a solution from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a membrane. |
| HYPERTONIC SOLUTION | causing water to move out of the cell because there is a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell. |
| HYPOTONIC SOLUTION | too much water inside the cell because there is a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell. |
| TURGID | cells or tissues that are swollen from water uptake |
| TURGID | The pressure inside the cell rises until this internal pressure is equal to the pressure outside as a result of the cell taking in water |
| PLASMOLYSIS | plant cells lose water after being placed in a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell does. |
| PLASMOLYSIS | process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. |
| CYTOLYSIS | occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell. |
| 'LYSIS | DISINTEGRATION OF CELL BY BREAKING DOWN CELL MEMBRANE |
| CHOLESTEROL | assists with stability of the membrane, keeps the membrane from becoming solid at cooler temperatures, and helps anchor molecules, like protein, in the membrane. |
| CARBOHYDRATE | chains play an important role in recognition of self and in cell-to-cell interactions. Cells can recognize other cells of the same type and join together to form tissues. |
| PROTEIN | relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments. Also move molecules and ions across the membrane |
| PLASMA MEMBRANE | a fatty film so thin and transparent that it cannot be seen directly in the light microscope |
| NUCLEUS | large, oval structure found in both plant and animal cells. It controls and regulates all cell activities. It contains genetic material. |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes lipids, fats and such. No ribosomes on this organelle |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHLOROPLASTS | FOUND IN PLANT CELL & CONTAINS THE CHEMICAL CHLORPHYLL |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| LYSOSOME | Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | ANOTHER TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT, USED FOR MOLECULES THAT CANNOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES USUALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND/OR SIZE |
| HYDROPHOBIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF FATTY ACID TAILS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE TAILS ARE WATER INSOLUABLE AND DISLIKE BEING IN CONTACT WITH WATER MOLECULES |
| HYDROPHILLIC | CHARACTERISTIC OF PHOSPHATE HEADS OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER WHERE THE HEADS ARE WATER SOLUABLE AND ATTRACTED TO WATER MOLECULES |
| LYSIS | BREAKING DOWN OF THE CELL MEMBRANE RESULTING IN THE SWELLING OF CELLS WHICH EVENTUALLY BURST |
| CYTOLOGY | STUDY OF CELLS |
| ORGANELLES | TINY MEMBRANE BOUND STRUCTURES FOUND ONLY IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS |
| NUCLEUS | large, oval structure found in both plant and animal cells. It controls and regulates all cell activities. It contains genetic material. |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHLOROPLASTS | FOUND IN PLANT CELL & CONTAINS THE CHEMICAL CHLORPHYLL |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| ROBERT HOOKE | 1665 -English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells |
| GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN | 1838 German botanist who determined plants are composed of cells. |
| RUDOLF VIRCHOW | 1858 - A doctor who stated that all living cells come from other living cells (part 3 of the cell theory) |
| ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK | 1673 Dutch naturalist who created a very powerful (for the time period) single lens microscope, He observed pond water. In pond scum he discovered small animals he called animalcules,or little animals (protists),and also discovered bacteria while examining scraping of crud from his teeth. |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| SEMI OR SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| THEODORE SCHWANN | German physiologist, histologist, & zoologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of animal tissue (1810-1882) |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| CELL WALL | Thick outer layer in plant cells. Made of the carbohydrate cellulose. It maintains the shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in the plant cell's vacuole and pushes against it, creating turgor pressure. Also found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria. |
| OSMOSIS | DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A MEMBRANE |
| DIFFUSION | MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | ANOTHER TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT, USED FOR MOLECULES THAT CANNOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES USUALLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND/OR SIZE |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | ENERGY REQUIRING PROCESS THAT MOVES MATERIAL ACROSS A MEMBRANE AGAINST A CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT | REQUIRES NO ENERGY TO MOVE MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION |
