| A | B |
|---|
| Nematodes are | Intestinal and tissue roundworms tapered at each end cuticle |
| Platyhelminthesare | Cestodes [tapeworms] and trematodes [flukes] |
| Cestode are | Tapeworm |
| Trematodes are | Flukes |
| Fluke intermediate host | snail |
| Host | Organism in which the parasite lives |
| Definitive host | Organism in which the sexually mature worm lives |
| Intermediate host | Organism in which the parasite live for part of its life |
| Reservoir host | Organism which carries the parasite but shows no ill effects |
| Vector | Organism which conveys the parasite from one host to another |
| Ancylostoma duodenale | OLD world hookworm |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | largest intestinal round worm |
| Balantidium coli | orofecal spread from pigs causes explosive diarrhea |
| Clonorchis sinensis | Trematode-Asian [Oriental] liver fluke |
| Clonorchis sinensis spready by | ingesting uncooked fish |
| Diphyllobothrium latum | Fish tapeworm |
| Dracunculus medineis speard by | ingestong copepod |
| Echinococcus granulosus | dog tapeworm |
| Enterobius vermicularis | most common intestinal worm-pinworms |
| Scotch tape test is for | Enterobius vermicularis |
| Fasciola hepatica | Sheep liver fluke |
| Giardia lamblia | beaver fever or hiker’s diarrhea |
| The most common protozoa in US | Giardia lamblia |
| Hymenolepis nana | dwarf tapeworm |
| The most common tapeworm in US | Hymenolepis nana |
| Leishmania brasiliensis spread through | sand fly bite |
| Leishmania donovania | visceral |
| Leishmania mexicanaa are | flagellate protozoa cutaneous ulcers new world |
| Leishmania tropica | sand fly bite cutaneous ulcers old world Delhi boil |
| Loa loa | eye worm Chrysops deer fly [mango fly] bite |
| Naegleria fowleri is | ameba protozoa warm waters travels up the nose fatal encephalitis |
| Necator americanus is | Nematode-new world hookworm |
| Onchocerca volvulus causes | River blindness |
| Onchocerca volvulus spread by | the Simulium blackfly |
| Paragonimus westermani | lung fluke |
| Plasmodium falciparum | is the most deadly form of malaria |
| Plasmodium malariae | quartan fever attack mature RBC |
| Plasmodium ovale | tertian fever attack mature RBC |
| Plasmodium vivax causes | tertian fever attack mature RBC |
| Sarcoptes scabeii spread by | direct contact causing itching in finger webs at night |
| Schistosoma hematobium | Blood fluke that reside in bladder veins |
| Schistosoma japonicum | Blood fluke that reside in small and large intestine mesenteric veins |
| Schistosoma mansoni | reside in distal colon mesenteric veins |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | penetrate skin |
| Taenia saginata | beef tapeworm |
| Taenia solium | pork tapeworm |
| Toxocara canis is tissue nematode that spead through | infected dog feces |
| Toxoplasma gondii | rats are the vector cats are carriers causes miscarriages in human |
| Trichinella spiralis | pork roundworm |
| Trichuris trichuria | whipworm associated with rectal prolapse |
| Trichomonas vaginitis | sexually transmitted-only trophozoite form |
| Trypanosoma cruzi | reduviid bug bites |
| Chagas disease | mega-esophagus mega-colon Romana’s sign chagoma |
| Trypanosoma gambiense | tsetse fly bites causes sleeping sickness Winterbottom’s sign |
| Trypanosoma rhodesiense | tsetse fly bites causes sleeping sickness |
| Wuchereria bancrofti | tissue nematode that spread by female Anopheles or Culex mosquito |
| Filariasis | causes elephantiasis because of blocked lymphatics |
| Fungus characteristics | Chitin wall ergosterol membrane 80S ribosome |
| Fungi[nourishment is from | dead organic matter |
| Superficial fungi | Dry-Microsporum Trichophyton Epidermophyton Malassezia moist-Candida |
| Superficial fungi spear through | direct contact |
| Subcutaneous Sporothrix and Madurella spread through | puncture wound |
| Systemic opportunistic and non-opportunistic fungi spread through | inhalation of spores |
| Opportunistic systemic fungi include | Pneumocystis Aspergillus Candida and Cryptococcus |
| Non-opportunistic systemic fungi include | Histoplasma Coccidioides Paracoccidioides and Blastomyces; Dermatophyte need what to grow |
| Keratin is not needed for | Malassezia and Candida |
| asexual Sporulation occurs in | conida |
| Periodic Acid Schiff stain stains fungi | red |
| Gomori Methenamine Silver stain stains fungi | black and grey |
| Sabouraud culture medium for fungi contains | dextrose and peptones in a low pH agar medium |
| Mold | multicellular |
| Yeast | unicellular buds |
| Aspergillus fumigatus is found in | decaying vegetation or dry wall |
| Aspergilloma is a | fungus ball |
| Blastomyces dermatidis spread by | inhalation of spores |
| Candida albicans likes | moist skin folds |
| Coccidioides immitis causes | San Joaquin valley fever |
| Cryptococcus neoformans spread through | Pigeon poop |
| Dermatophyte likes | skin and nails |
| Epidermophyton floccosum | tinea pedis with red itchy scaly feet |
| Histoplasma capsulatum spread by | bat droppings after exploring caves or inhaling spores from bird poop Ohio Valley Fever lung infection |
| Madurella grisea or mycetomatis spread through | Rotting vegetation woodcutters puncture wound warty lesions on foot causing madura foot |
| Malassezia furfur causes | Tinea [Pityriasis] versicolor |
| Microsporum dermatophyte likes | skin and hair |
| Microsporum canis | tinea corporis |
| Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | Latin American males spore inhalation oral and nasal ulceration spoke wheel |
| Pneumocystis jiroveci spore inhalation causes | pneumonia in an immune compromised patient ground glass on chest x-ray |
| Sporothrix schenckii | Rotting vegetation rose gardeners puncture wound spread along lymphatics in the limb |
| Stachybotrys chartarum | Black mold high cellulose content material in buildings high moisture areas |
| Tinea infection of the head | Tinea capitis |
| Tinea infection of the body | Tinea corporis |
| Tinea infection of the groin | Tinea cruris |
| Tinea infection of the feet | Tinea pedis |
| Tinea infection of the nails | Tinea unguium |
| Parasite characteristics | Nucleus multiple chromosomes 80S ribosomes membrane sterol |
| Protozoa are | unicellular |
| Metazoan are | multicellular |
| Ectoparasites include | scabies and lice |
| Endoparasites include | intestinal worms flukes |
| Flagellate protozoa include | Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Trypanosoma and Leishmania |
| Ciliated protozoa | Balantidium coli which causes diarrhea |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | Attributed with 1st microscope |
| Edward Jenner | 1st smallpox vaccine |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | Handwashing decreased puerperal [childbed] fever |
| Joseph Lister | Aseptic surgery using carbolic acid |
| Louis Pasteur | Pasteurization rabies & anthrax vaccine disproved “spontaneous generation” |
| Robert Koch | Pure culture technique 4 postulates |
| Paul Erlich | Sylvarsan – “magic bullet” syphilis treatment |
| Alexander Fleming | Penicillin – 1st antibiotic |
| Selman Waksman | Discovered 20+ antibiotics |
| Rebecca Lancefield | Streptococcal groupings |
| Dmitri Ivanowski | First to postulate the existence of viruses |
| Felix d’Herrelle | Bacteriophage |
| Ernst Ruska | Developed the electron microscope that showed viruses |
| Walter Reed | Discovered the link between Yellow Fever and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes |
| Jonas Salk | Developed the polio vaccine using killed polio organisms |
| Albert Sabin | Live attenuated polio vaccine |
| Prion | Protein fragment |
| Prion diseases | Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Kuru Fatal Familial Insomnia |
| Virus | No cell wall no nucleus no ribosome DNA or RNA |
| Pathogenicity | Ability to cause disease |
| Invasion | Ability to penetrate the defenses of the host |
| Colonization | Ability to populate in a site |
| Virulence | Ability to cause serious disease |
| Prodrome | First sign of disease (generic symptoms) |
| Antigenic shifting | Ability to change surface antigens to avoid detection |
| Nosocomial | Hospital acquired infection |
| Iatrogenic | Caused by health personnel |
| Commensal | 1 benefits |
| Symbiosis | Ability of two dissimilar living together |
| Synergism | Both organisms together do more than individually |
| Parasitism | One organism benefits while causing harm to the other |
| Mutualism | Both organisms benefit from one another |
| Antagonism | One organism inhibits another |
| Disease triangle | Host agent and environment |
| Control of viral growth | Chemicals Heat Irradiation and Antiviral medication |
| Growth Eclipse period | viral attachment to 1st progeny |
| Growth Exponential period | progeny reproduction until it plateaus and no more viruses can be made |
| Virus+ sense | Viral RNA can be directly incorporated into the host cell proteins |
| virus- sense | Viral RNA must first be converted to a + sense by an RNA polymerase |
| All viruses are RNA except | 7 which are DNA |
| DNA group | Herpes Hepa DNA Human Papilloma Adenoma Parvo Pox and Polyoma |
| All DNA viruses are double stranded except | PARVO B19 which is ss |
| PARVO B19 | is single strand virus |
| All DNA viruses are icosahedral in shape except | POX which is complex |
| POX virus has | complex shape |
| Enveloped DNA viruses are | HepaDNA Pox and Herpes |
| Naked DNA viruses are | Human Papilloma Adenoma and Polyoma |
| Parvo B19 causes | Slapped Cheek syndrome AKA 5th disease or Erythema Infectiosum |
| Slapped Cheek syndrome AKA | 5th disease or Erythema Infectiosum |
| Human papilloma viruses types | 1 and 4 cause warts on the hand |
| Human HERPES viruses are | Double-stranded enveloped DNA viruses |
| HHV Type 1 causes | Herpes labialis crop of painful vesicles on lips |
| HHV Type 2causes | Herpes genitalis crop of painful vesicles on the vulva |
| HHV Type 3 causes | Chickenpox and herpes zoster |
| HHV Type 4 cause | Infectious mononucleosis & Burkitt’s lymphoma abnormal T cell - Downey |
| HHV Type 5 causes | Cytomegalovirus infection of the brain it crosses placenta and causes blindness in newborn |
| HHV Type 6&7 cause | Roseola infantum AKA 6th disease |
| HHV Type 8cause | Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS patients |
| Pox viruses are | Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum |
| Adeno virus is a | naked DNA virus causing sore throat and swollen cervical lymph nodes |
| Bunya | Congo fever and California Equine Encephalitis |
| All RNA viruses are single stranded EXCEPT | the REO-Rota virus |
| Rota virus | is the most common cause of infantile diarrhea |
| All RNA single stranded viruses are + EXCEPT | Bunya Arena D Paramyxo Rhabdo Orthomyxo Filo |
| Arena | Lassa fever spread by direct contact with infected body fluids |
| Delta | Deficient delta virus which with Hep B causes hepatitis |
| Paramyxo viruses | Mumps Measles RSV and Parainfuenza viruses |
| Rhabdo virus | Bullet shaped virus infected raccoons foxes |
| Orthomyxo | Influenza H and N types causes fever |
| Filo | Ebola hemorrhagic fever spread by contact with infected body fluids |
| Mumps virus | Swollen parotid glands pancreatitis and even orchitis in males |
| Measles rubeola | Coryza conjunctivitis and Koplik spots inside cheek opposite lower molars |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus | Most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in kids |
| Parainfluenza virus | Main cause of croup in kids under 5 |
| All + ss RNA viruses are naked except 4 who are | enveloped |
| The icosahedral + sense enveloped viruses are | FLAVI RETRO and TOGA |
| Helical+ sense enveloped virus | CORONA |
| Corona viruses +sense enveloped RNA causes | respiratory tract infections SARS & MERS |
| SARS | Corona virus which attacks the respiratory system |
| MERS | Corona virus which attacks the respiratory system |
| Flavi viruses+sense enveloped RNA | yellow fever dengue fever West Nile Zika |
| Yellow Fever | Spread by Aedes aegypti mosquito causes liver damage and jaundice |
| Dengue Fever spread by Aedes aegypti causes | fever severe myalgia and skin rash |
| Zika causes | microcephal |
| West Nile virus caused | 1999 NY outbreak |
| Retro virus +sense enveloped RNA causes | HIV/AIDS destroys CD 4 cells |
| Toga viruses+sense enveloped RNA | Rubella and Chikungunya fever |
| Rubella virus causes | German measles |
| Chikungunya fever spread by | Aedes aegypti |
| Picorna viruses | Polio ECHO Rhino Coxsackie and Hepatitis A |
| Polio virus attacks | the ventral horn of spinal cord and causes infantile flaccid paralysis |
| Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan virus causes | aseptic meningitis |
| Rhino virus causes | common cold |
| Coxsackie virus causes | hand foot and mouth disease |
| Hepatitis A Orofecal transmitted virus causing | jaundice and tender hepatomegaly |
| All hepatitis viruses are RNA except | Hepatitis B which is DNA |
| Sex and blood spread | Hepatitis B and C and D |
| Hepatitis C carrier state causes | Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
| Hepatitis D Deficient virus depends on Hep B to cause | hepatitis |
| Norovirus/Norwalk virus | Diarrhea in large group settings |
| Human Immune deficiency Virus | Single stranded retro virus destroys CD4 cells opportunistic infections |
| ARBO viruses spread by | mosquito vectors |
| ARBO virus diseases | Yellow Dengue West Nile and Chikungunya fevers and Zika virus infection |
| Aedes aegypti is vector for | Zika Dengue fever Chikungunya fever and Yellow fever |
| Culex pipens is vector for | West Nile virus |
| Bacteremia | Bacteria in the blood stream |
| Capsule | Sticky lipopolysaccharide covering that prevents phagocytosis |
| Bacterial Growth phases | Lag Log Stationary and Death |
| Lag growth phase | Number of cells are constant as they prepare for growth; no multiplication |
| Log growth phase | Exponential growth |
| Stationary growth phase | New growth matches die off rate as nutrients run out of food |
| Gram stain | Gram positive [BLUE] or negative [RED] |
| Gram stain steps | Crystal Violet H2O Iodine H2O Acetone alcohol wash Safranin H2O |
| bacteria Shape | Coccus[round] Bacillus[ rod] or Vibrio [comma-shaped] |
| Facultative anaerobic bacteria | Prefers to live with O2 but has the facility to live without oxygen |
| Facultative anaerobes | Streptococci staphylococci E. coli Listeria |
| Obligate anaerobic | Cannot live in the presence of O2 |
| Obligate aerobic | Cannot live without O2-Mycobacteria |
| Microaerophilic | Needs a very small amount of O2-Helicobacter pylori |
| Thermophile bacteria | [45-900 degrees] |
| Mesophile bacteria | [20-450 degrees] |
| psychrophile bacteria | [0-200 degress] |
| Bacterial DNA transfer Conjugation | Mating of 2 bacterial cells via sex pilus |
| Bacterial DNA Transduction | DNA transfer from 1 bacteria to another via a virus |
| Bacterial DNA Transformation | DNA transfer from 1 bacteria to another via death or lab synthesis |
| Urease effects | [urea splitting] |
| Nitrate producing bacteria | Klebsiella E. coli |
| Coagulase positive bacteria | Staphylococcus aureus [all other staphylococci are coagulase-negative] |
| Glucose fermentation bacteria | Neisseria gonorrhea and meningitidis |
| Hemolysis producing bacteria | α: Strep pneumonia and viridians β: Strep pyogenes and Staph. aureus |
| Lactose fermenting bacteria | Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| Maltose fermenting bacteria | Neisseria meningitidis and Proteus mirabilis |
| Bacteria without cell walls | Mycoplasma |
| Obligate intracellular parasite bacteria | Chlamydia Rickettsia Ehrlichia Mycoplasma and Coxiella |
| Flexible bacteria | spirochetes |
| All bacteria have cell walls except | MYCOPLASMA |
| All cocci are Gram positive except | NEISSERIA |
| All bacilli are Gram negative except | the BaCCiLus grou |
| BACCiLus group | Bacillus Actinomyces Clostridium Corynebacterium and Listeria |
| Only 2 Gram+ bacilli are spore-forming | Bacillus and Clostridium |
| All Gram negative bacilli are enteric except | 8 non-enteric bacilli |
| All UTI-causing bacteria are nitrite+ except | STAPH. SAPROPHYTICUS |
| Actinomyces israelii | Gram + rod causes yellow pus from wound near jaw/neck |
| Bacillus anthracis | Gram + spore-forming rod causes Woolsorter’s disease malignant pustule |
| Bacillus cereus | Gram +spore-forming rod |
| Bartonella henselae | Gram negative non-enteric rod cat scratch disease cats are the reservoir |
| Bordetella pertussis | Paroxysmal bouts of coughing followed by an inspiratory whoop |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Darkfield microscopy Ixodes vector-deer tick Lyme disease bull’s eye rash |
| Brucella abortus | Gram negative non-enteric causes relapsing fever contaminated milk or pigs |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Gram negative enteric food poisoning - unpasteurized milk puppies w/ diarrhea |
| Chlamydia psittaci | Obligate intracellular parasite causes lung infection in bird keepers |
| Chlamydia trachomatis ABC | Commonest cause of blindness in Africa |
| Chlamydia trachomatis D-K | Urethritis PID Reiter’s syndrome conjunctivitis arthritis urethritis |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | Lymphogranuloma venereum-painful buboes sign of the groove |
| Clostridium tetani | Gram + rod causes lockjaw [trismus] produces exotoxin-tetanospasmin |
| Clostridium botulinum | Transmitted by contaminated honey causes vomiting paralysis and diplopia |
| Clostridium perfringens | Deep puncture wound followed by muscle necrosis and gas bubbles |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Gram + rod grey pseudomembrane in the throat and heart damage |
| Coxiella burnetti | Obligate intracellular unpasteurized milk or inhaled [barn setting] Q fever skin rash rare |
| Enterobacter cloacae | Gram negative enteric catalase positive rod causing UTI |
| Escherichia coli | Gram negative enteric lactose-fermenting catalase-positive most common cause of UTI undercooked beef |
| E. coli typing | O and H types are used to identify pathogenic strains |
| E. coli subtype O157 H7 | Causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome-liver and renal failure |
| Francisella tularensis | Gram negative |
| Helicobacter pylori | Gram negative urease+ rod causes peptic ulcer gastritis stomach cancer |
| Hemophilus aegypti | Gram negative non-enteric rod causes pink eye disease |
| Hemophilus ducreyi | Gram negative non-enteric rod causes chancroid-painful yellow genital sore |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Gram negative enteric lactose-fermenting bacillus-pneumonia UTI |
| Legionella pneumophila | Gram negative non-enteric lung infection from infected air conditioners |
| Leptospira interrogans | Spirochete darkfield microscopy Weil’s disease spread by contaminated water |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Gram + non-spore forming contaminated milk or ice cream meningitis |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Gram resistant thick waxy wall Ziehl Neelsen stain Lowenstein-Jensen m. |
| Mycobacterium leprae | Gram resistant bacteria like cool places like peripheral nerves and face |
| Neisseria gonorrhea | Gram negative intracellular glucose-fermenting coccus-urethritis and arthritis |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Gram negative coccus which ferments maltose and glucose-meningitis |
| Proteus mirabilis | Gram negative enteric maltose-fermenting urea-splitting rod UTI w/ bladder stones |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gram negative non-enteric bacillus |
| Rickettsia prowazeki | Obligate intracellular bacteria epidemic typhus causes high fever and skin rash lice |
| Rickettsia rickettsii | Obligate intracellular bacteria Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever high fever and rash on palms & soles that spreads to the trunk tick |
| Salmonella typhi | Gram negative enteric causes rose-colored spots and step-ladder fever |
| Serratia marcescens | Gram negative bacillus produces red pigment and causes UTI |
| Shigella dysenteriae | Gram negative enteric non-lactose fermenting causes dysentery |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Gram + catalase& coagulase + coccus infects healthy valves causes ABE |
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus | Gram + catalase+ coagulase - urease + nitrite negative coccus causes UTI |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Gram positive catalase negative α-hemolytic coccus in strips pneumonia rust sputum |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | Gram positive catalase negative β-hemolytic coccus rheumatic fever |
| Streptococcus viridans | Gram positive catalase negative α-hemolytic affects damaged valves-SBE |
| Treponema pallidum | Spirochete darkfield microscopy syphilis painless indurated penile lesion |
| Vibrio cholera | Gram negative enteric comma-causes severe diarrhea with rice water stool |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Gram negative enteric comma-causes food poisoning raw salt water shellfish |
| Vibrio vulnificus | Gram negative enteric comma-causes necrotizing fasciitis salt water |
| Yersinia pestis | Gram negative enteric rod causes bubonic and pneumonic plague rat fleas prairie dogs/squirrels/rats |
| Food poisoning causing bacteria | E. coli C. botulinum S. aureus B cereus Vibrio and Salmonella |
| Zoonosis | Disease transmitted from animals to humans in specific occupations |
| Rabbit skinning | Francisella tularensis |
| Abattoir worker | Brucella abortus |
| Sheep sharer | Bacillus anthracis |
| Fishermen | Vibrio vulnificus |
| Cane field workers | Leptospira interrogans spread by rats |
| Endotoxin | Dead Gram negative enteric bacteria outer wall heat stable systemic effects |
| Exotoxin | Live Gram+ destroyed by heat antigenic targets specific tissue |
| Tetanospasmin | Exotoxin which targets the nerves stops GABA production-decrease inhibition |
| Botulinum | Exotoxin which targets the acetylcholine receptor at the NMJ-flaccid paralysis |
| Red currant jelly sputum | Klebsiella pneumoniae causes pneumonia is alcoholics |
| Anti-Streptolysin O titer | Recent streptococcal infection-antibodies against streptolysin toxin |
| Catalase | All staphylococci are positive |
| Catalase | streptococci are negative |
| Coagulase | Staphylococcus aureus converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin |
| Coombs | Hemolytic anemia detects antibodies against red blood cells |
| FTA-Abs | Confirmatory test for Syphilis detects antibodies |
| Paul Bunnel | Infectious Mononucleosis-heterophile antibodies on sheep red blood cells |
| Quellung reaction | Bacteria with capsule Strep pneumoniae Klebsiella Hemophilus influenzae |
| Urease | Helicobacter Proteus Ureaplasma Klebsiella Staph. saprophyticus |
| VDRL | Screening test for Syphilis detects antibodies |
| Weil-Felix | Test for rickettsiae using Proteus vulgaris organisms |
| Western Blot | Confirmatory test for the presence of HIV antibodies |
| Wood’s light | Fungal organisms fluoresce under ultraviolet light |
| Dick | Scarlet fever uses scarlet fever erythrogenic toxin |
| Mantoux | Tuberculosis uses Purified Protein Derivative from TB bacilli |
| Schick | Corynebacterium diphtheria uses diphtheria toxin |
| Schultz Charlton reaction | Scarlet fever uses the antitoxin to the scarlet fever erythrogenic toxin |
| Tine | Tuberculosis uses Purified Protein Derivative from TB bacilli |
| Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe agar | Bordetella pertussis |
| Chick embryo | Viruses |
| Chocolate agar | Neisseria and Hemophilus |
| Eaton agar | Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Eosin methylene blue Promotes | Gram negative growth |
| Foot pad of suckling mice | Mycobacterium leprae |
| Hektoen agar | Salmonella (black) and Shigella (green) |
| Lowenstein-Jensen /Middlebrook | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| MacConkey agar Promotes | Gram negative rod growth |
| Mannitol salts | Staphylococcus |
| Phenylethyl agar(PEA)Promote | Gram positive growth |
| Sabouraud | Fungal organisms |
| Sheep blood agar Detect | hemolysis [streptococcus] – alpha (partial/green) |
| Tellurite agar | Corynebacterium diphtheria |
| Thayer-Martin | Neisseria organisms |
| Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose | Vibrio cholera |
| India ink | Cryptococcus neoformans owl eye appearance |
| Wright-Giemsa stain | Parasites and syphilis |
| Ziehl-Neelsen stain | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Direct contact | Ebola syphilis HIV leprosy cutaneous fungi |
| Droplet [aerosol] | TB measles chickenpox Legionnaire’s disease |
| Orofecal | Typhoid |
| Transplacental | TORCHS complex [except Herpes which is direct contact] |
| Insect borne | Malaria Yellow Dengue Chikungunya fevers and Zika infection |
| Inhalation | Systemic fungi [except candida] |
| Skin penetration | Subcutaneous fungi Ancylostoma Necator Strongyloides Schistosoma |
| Aedes aegypti mosquito | Yellow fever virus |
| Anopheles mosquito | Plasmodium Zika virus Wuchereria bancrofti |
| Black Simulium fly | Onchocerca volvulus |
| Chrysops deer fly [mango fly] | Loa loa |
| Copepod [contaminated water] | Dracunculus medineis |
| Crabs and crayfish | Paragonimus westermani |
| Culex mosquito | Wuchereria bancrofti |
| Ixodes scapularis [deer tick] | Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Phlebotomous sand flies | Leishmania donovani tropica mexicana and brasiliensis |
| Rats | Leptospira and Toxoplasma gondii |
| Rheduviid bug [kissing bug] | Trypanosma cruzi |
| STD | Trichomonas |
| Tsetse fly | Trypanosoma brucei [gambiense and rhodesiense] |
| Epidemiology | The study of the CAUSES DISTRIBUTION and CONTROL of diseases in people |
| Incidence | Number of NEW cases of a disease in a specific population at a given time |
| Prevalence | Number of people LIVING with the disease present in a specified population at a given time |
| Morbidity | The number of people that HAVE a particular disease in the US every year per 100 |
| Mortality Rate | The number of people who DIE every year in the USA per 100 |
| Life Expectancy | An ESTIMATE as to how long the general population will live |
| The life expectancy for men in the USA is | 78.8 years |
| The life expectancy for women in the USA is | 81.2 years |
| Leading causes of deaths in the USA | Heart disease |
| Leading causes of death in 15-34 old group | accidents homicide and suicide |
| The most leading cause of deaths by occupation | loggers |
| Endemic | NORMAL occurrence of a disease in a particular AREA |
| Epidemic | sudden RISE in the number of people with the disease locally |
| Pandemic | Sudden rise in the number with the disease WORLDWIDE |
| Emerging Disease | Disease that has appeared for the FIRST time in the past 20 years |
| Lassa fever spread by | direct CONTACT with body fluids |
| Lyme disease spread by | infected deer TICKS |
| Ebola spread by | contact with BODY FLUIDS |
| HIV/AIDS spread by | SEXUAL contact |
| Hantavirus spread by | saliva and feces from infected RATS |
| SARS spread by | working with infected BIRDS |
| H1N1 spread by | working with infected PIGS |
| MERS is | CORONA virus from CAMELS |
| Re-emerging Diseases | Disease which had existed PREVIOUSLY but is rapidly increasing in incidence or extent |
| Sensitivity vs Specificity | The interpretation of laboratory results is influenced by the RELIABILITY of the test results |
| When a diagnostic test is positive in the presence of the disease or pathogen | True POSITIVE |
| When a diagnostic test is negative when the disease or pathogen is not present | True NEGATIVE |
| False Positive | The test is positive but there is no disease or pathogen is present |
| False Negative | The test is negative but the disease of pathogen is present |
| Sensitivity | Proportion of people who truly HAVE the disease and are identified by a POSITIVE test |
| If a highly sensitive test result is negative | it is good at EXCLUDING the diagnosis |
| Specificity | Proportion of people who do not have the DISEASE identified by having a NEGATIVE result |
| Negative In Health | Tests with high specificity are useful in confirming or ruling IN diagnoses |
| SpIN | Good for confirming |
| CASE study | is an article which describes and interprets an individual case |
| Case CONTROL studies | look at patients who have the disease with those who do not have the disease |
| Cohort Study | A COHORT study follows groups prospectively to see which groups develop the disease |
| Randomized Clinical Trial | participants are randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group and the outcomes are measured |
| Systematic Review | combine all published info regarding a particular outcome and summarize the findings |
| Meta-analysis | is a subset of a systematic review which combines different types of studies to develop a single conclusion |
| Concealment | A technique to guarantee the blinding of the subjects and investigators |
| Single-blinded study | the patients do not know whether they are getting the experimental drug or a placebo |
| Double-blinded study | Neither the patients or the scientists analyzing the data know who gets what |
| Randomization | Method used to assign subjects to experimental or control groups |
| Allocation | The distribution of assets All groups in the research must be treated as equal as is possible |
| Gram stain | most bacterial organisms |
| Eosin-Methylene stain | E. coli |
| Indian ink stain | Cryptococcus |
| Wright-Giemsa stain | Spirochetes |
| Ziehl-Neelsen stain | Mycobacterium |
| Blood Agar cultures | alpha beta and gamma hemolysis |
| Bordet-Gengou culture | Bordetella pertussis |
| Chocolate agar culture | Neisseria |
| Eaton culture | Mycoplasma |
| Loeffler culture | Corynebacterium |
| Lowenstein-Jensen culture | Mycobacteria |
| Sabouraud culture | Fungi |
| Thayer-Martin culture | Neisseria |
| ASOT: Test | Streptococcus |
| Ascoli Test | anthrax bacillus |
| CatalaseTest | Staphylococcus |
| Coagulase Test | Staph. aureus |
| Dick or Schultz CarltonsTest | carlet fever |
| FTA-absTest | Treponema pallidum confirmatory |
| MantouxTest | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| MitsudaTest | Mycobacterium leprae |
| Paul Bunnel Test | nfectious Mononucleosis |
| Quellung Test | Strep. pneumoniae |
| SchickTest | Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
| VDRL Test | Treponema pallidum screen |
| Weil-FelixTest | Rickettsiae |
| Western BlotTest | HIV/AIDS |
| Widal Test | Salmonella typhi |
| Darkfieldtechnique | Treponema Borrelia Leptospira |
| Wood’s lamp technique | Fungal organisms |
| Prevention | Specific measures taken to forestall the development of illness |
| Primary Prevention | Aimed at PREVENTING the development or spread |
| Secondary prevention | Aimed at limiting the impact or recurrence of an illness in people already affected by the disease |
| Tertiary prevention | Aimed at REDUCING disability of an established disease by restoring function |
| Quaternary prevention | Aimed at AVOIDING the consequences of unnecessary interventions in the health system |
| Pasteurization | Exposure of milk to PROGRESSIVELY higher TEMPERATURES [to 72 degrees C] for short periods [15 seconds] |
| Sterilization | Use of heat or chemicals to destroy ALL LIFE |
| Disinfection | Using chemicals to destroy MOST pathogens |
| ALCOHOL is | the WHO standard for comparing other disinfectants |
| “Killed” or inactivated by treating with chemicals like formaldehyde | formalin or aluminum salts |
| Advantage of Killed or inactivated vaccines | safe for almost anyone |
| Disadvantage of Killed or inactivated vaccines | no memory cytotoxic T cells produced. Less immune response boosters will be needed |
| Attenuated vaccines | Weakened form of the live organism |
| Advantage of attenuated vaccines | greater immune response |
| Disadvantage of attenuated vaccines | not safe for immunocompromised people and can mutate back to virulent strain |
| Conjugate | Coat the capsule of the bacteria in antibodies compliment or proteins so that they can be recognized by the immune system |
| In water purification filtration | allows water to pass through materials with PORES of different sizes |
| In water purification Flocculation is the | addition of aluminum which PRECIPITATES certain materials |
| In water purification Sedimentation | allows precipitates to SETTLE out |
| In water purification sludge digestion is the | addition of ANAEROBIC bacteria to digest organic material |
| In water purification Sand Filtration | Allows the water pass through sand which removes ANAEROBIC bacteria |
| In water purification Aeration | Oxygen is passed through the water to kill ANAEROBIC bacteria |
| In water purification Chlorination | Chlorine is added to kill all REMAINING micro-organisms |
| Department of Health and Human Services | Cabinet-level department of the US federal government |
| Protect the health of all Americans | Provide essential human services Oversees the USPHS |
| United States Public Health Services | Primary division of the Department of Health and Human Services Overseen by the surgeon general Disease surveillance |
| Commissioned corp | Protect promote |
| Food and Drug Administration | Responsible for quality of drugs food COSMETICS and ADVERTISING of health products |
| Public Health Department | Responsible for disease SURVEILLANCE and RESTAURANT inspections |
| Environmental Protection Agency | Responsible for WATER and AIR quality |
| United States Department of Agriculture | Inspection of DAIRY and BEEF products |
| Occupational Safety Health Administration | Responsible for workplace SAFETY and handling of HAZARDOUS materials including cadaveric material. |
| Centers for Disease Control | Responsible EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research and health STATISTICS |
| Health Resources & Services Administration | Oversees health care for the UNDERSERVED |
| National Institutes of Health | Oversees disease RESEARCH and provides FUNDING |
| Drug Enforcement Administration | Leading law enforcement agency responsible for preventing the sale and distribution of narcotics and other drugs in the United States |
| Antigens are proteins or large polysaccharides that initiate | the acquired immunity |
| Antigenic substances are | high molecular weight |
| Antigenicity depends on the | epitopes |
| Haptens are | low-molecular-weight compounds that combine with proteins to become antigenic |
| Lymphocytes are | The basis of acquired immunity |
| Preprocessing of T Lymphocytes occur in | the thymus gland |
| Preprocessing of B Lymphocytes occur in | the bone marrow |
| IgM IgG | IgA IgD and IgE are |
| In agglutination | bacteria are bound together into a clump |
| In precipitation | the molecular complex of soluble antigen is rendered insoluble |
| In neutralization | the antibodies cover the toxic sites of the antigenic agent |
| In lysis | the antibodies rupture the invading cells membranes. |
| T cells form a series of protein mediators called | lymphokines |
| Cytotoxic T cells secrete hole-forming proteins called | perforins |
| The cytotoxic cells play an important role in | destroying cancer cells |
| The suppressor cells limit | the ability of the immune destruction of self |
| In immunization aganist poliomyelitis | infection with live organisms that have been "attenuated." are used |
| In immunization aganist bacteria | dead organisms that are no longer capable of causing the disease but that still have their chemical antigens are used |
| In passive immunity | antibodies last in the body of the recipient for 2 to 3 weeks |
| Transfusion of antibodies or T lymphocytes to confer immunity are | examples of passive immunity |
| When neither A nor B agglutinogen is present | the blood is type 0 |
| When only type A agglutinogen is present | the blood is type A |
| When only type B agglutinogen is present | the blood is type B |
| When both A and B agglutinogens are present | the blood is type AB |
| Anyone who has D antigen type is said to be | Rh positive |
| A person who does not have type D antigen is said to be | Rh negative |
| In Erythroblastosis Fetalis | the mother is Rh negative and the father is Rh positive |
| In kernicterus | there is precipitation of bilirubin in the neuronal cells |
| In acute kidney shutdown after transfusion reactions | the patient dies within a week to 12 days unless treated |
| A transplant of a tissue or whole organ from one part to another part is called | an autograft |
| An isograft | is transplant from one identical twin to another |
| An allograft | is transplant from one human being to another |
| A xenograft | is transplant from a lower animal to a human being |
| kidney allografts last | 5 to 15 years |
| Liver and heart transplants last | 1 to 15 years |
| The HLA Complex of Antigens | is used for tissue typing |
| Glucocorticoid hormones(or drugs with glucocorticoid-like activity) | suppress the growth of all lymphoid tissue |
| Cyclosporine | has a specific inhibitory effect on the formation of helper T cells |
| Only identical twins | have the same six HLA antigens |
| Hemoglobin is converted by the phagocytes into | bilirubin and later is excreted into the bile |
| If T cells lack lymphokines | the immune system will almost be paralized |
| Fragmented C5a causes | chemotaxis |
| C5b6789 induce | lysis of bacteria or invading organisms |
| fragments of C3a | C4a & C5a causes |
| A T-lymphocyte has | as many as 100.000 receptor sites |
| the B-cells stimulate | the formation of plasma cells and production of antibodies |
| Interleukin-2 activates | the helper cells |
| Most of the helper cells are destroyed in | AIDS |
| immumoglobulins act through | either direct attack of the invader or by activation of complement systems |
| Complement cascade C3b is responsible for | opsonization and phagocytosis |
