| A | B |
|---|
| the process that happens when glaciers, running water, waves, or wind carry away the soil and rocks on the Earth's surface | erosion |
| the effect that human actions have on the Earth | human impact |
| is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays | humus |
| rock formed from molten Earth material, such as granite or basalt | igneous rock |
| a solid ball of iron and nickel at the center of the Earth | inner core |
| a strong, hard magnetic silvery-gray metal | iron |
| the second layer of the Earth located between the crust and the outer core | mantle |
| shaking of the Earth's crust along the boundary of a plate | earthquake |
| places where plates slide sideways past each other (slip past each other horizontally) | transform boundary |
| a long, deep, narrow canyon in the seafloor plain | trenches |
| an opening in a planet's crust through which molten rock, hot gasses, and other materials erupt. | volcanoes |
| (breakdown) wear away or change the appearance or texture of (something) by long exposure to the air. | weathering |
| rocks that form from preexisting rocks as the result of heat and pressure changes | metamorphic rock |
| a huge chain of underwater volcanic mountains that form at a divergent boundary | mid-ocean ridge |
| a crack in the earth's surface where movement has occurred; boundaries of plates | faults |
| a part of a once living thing or a trace of an organism preserved in rock | fossil |
| a silvery-white metal | nickel |
| a chain of mountains in Virginia that were formed long ago by tectonic plates colliding | Appalachian Mountains |
| a solid sediment that is similar to dust; made up of fine sand, clay or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment | silt |
| the upper layer of Earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay and rock particles. | soil |
| the energy that comes from heat | thermal energy |
| (air) the layers of gasses surrounding a planet or other celestial body | atmosphere |
| a natural material made up of tiny particles of rock; when mixed with water can hold its shape. | clay |
| a naturally occurring mineral containing a valuable constituent such as metal for which it is mined and worked. | ore |
| the layer of liquid metal located between the mantle and the inner core | outer core |
| the theory that Earth’s crust is made up of individual plates that slowly move in various directions due to the internal forces on the mantle | plate tectonics |
| is any naturally formed solid in the crust made up of one or more kinds of minerals | rock |
| the laying down of sediments by wind, water or glaciers | deposition |
| boundary where two or more tectonic plates are moving apart (tension) | divergent boundary |
| the changes and process that rocks undergo over time | rock cycle |
| a loose granular material that results from the disintegration (breaking down) of rocks. | sand |
| rocks formed from the accumulation of sediment, that is squeezed and cemented together over time | sedimentary rock |
| a black rock that formed from decayed plants trapped underground for millions of years; a type of fossil fuel that can be turned into energy. | coal |
| boundary where two or more tectonic plates are moving together (compression) | convergent boundary |
| the outer layer of Earth; made of rock | crust |
