| A | B |
|---|
| organism | anything that has all of the characterisitcs of life (living and extinct things) |
| classification | the act of organizing things into groups, according to similarities |
| dichotomous key | a set of rules scientgist use to help classify organisms. It also is a tool for identifying unknown organisms. |
| Scientific name | two Latin words (Capitalize first word) used to name an organism; it is the Genus followed by species name |
| taxonomy | the science of classifying living and extinct organisms |
| Binomial Nomenclature | two names - Genus, Species |
| prokaryotes | cells without nucleus |
| classification | The division of organisms into groups and classes based on characteristics |
| species | The smallest, most specific classification level |
| prokaryotes | Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. |
| protista | Kingdom that includes mostly single-celled or simple mutlicellular organisms |
| fungi | This kingdom includes non-green, non-moving Eukaryotic organisms that break down substances outside their bodies and absorb the nutrients |
| eukaryotes | All organisms whose cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. |
| species | A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring |
| sessile | fixed in one place, not mobile |
| plants | This kingdom includes complex, multi-cellular organisms that are usually green, have cell walls, and make sugar by photosynthesis. |
| animal | This kingdom includes complex, multi-cellular organisms that lack cell walls, can usually move and respond to their environment. |
| class | The level of hierarchy just below phylum is |
| taxonomy | Science of Grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history |
| species | The lowest and most specific hierarchy level in biological classification |
| Kingdom Archaebacteria | 1. Unicellular (one cell) 2. Prokaryotic (no nucleus) 3. Archaic (Ancient or old) 4. Extremophiles (live in harsh conditions) |
| Kingdom Protista | kingdom composed of microscopic eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. |
| class | Kingdoms are divided into phyla, and a phylum is divided into |
| Kingdom Plantae | 1. Multicellular (many cells) 2. Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) 3. Autotrophic (photosynthesis) 4. Cell walls made of CELLULOSE |
| Genus | Group of closely related species, and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature |
| Kingdom Animalia | 1. Multicellular (many cells) 2. Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) 3. Heterotrophs (eat their food-consumers) 4. No cell walls |
| Homo sapiens | The scientific name for humans. -should be italicized or underlined |
| Kingdom Eubacteria | 1. Unicellular (one cell) 2. Prokaryotic (no nucleus) 3. Cause disease (like salmonella or E.coli) 4. Can be helpful (decompose, digest, make yogurt) |
| autotrophic | organisms that make their own food |
| heterotrophic | organisms that get food from other sources |
| morphology | the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with functions between their structures. |
| phylogeny | study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development |
| dichotomous key | guide for the classification and identification of a living organism. |
| two | Dichotomous keys always give _______ distinct choices in each step. |
| biosphere | the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms. |
| scientific name | 2 parts composed of genus and species |
| binomial nomenclature | also known as scientific name |
| NUCLEUS | large, oval structure found in both plant and animal cells. It controls and regulates all cell activities. It contains genetic material. |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| CELL MEMBRANE | *support *protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis |
| CYTOPLASM | thick, jellylike substance found in both plant and animal cells filling the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains and supports the cell organelles. This constantly in motion. |
| CHLOROPLAST | uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) |
| NUCLEOLUS | SITE OF RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY |
| RIBOSOMES | SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS BY LINKING AMINO ACIDS |
| CHLOROPLASTS | FOUND IN PLANT CELL & CONTAINS THE CHEMICAL CHLORPHYLL |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube like structures known as cisternae with ribosomes attached |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell. Processes carbohydrates, lipids, fats and such. No ribosomes on this organelle |
| LYSOSOME | Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes - Powerhouse of the cell |
| CYTOSKELETON | Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| NUCLEAR MEMBRANE/ENVELOPE | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Contains nuclear pores that controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| CILIA | MULTIPLE, SHORT, HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS OFF OF MANY TYPES OF ANIMAL CELLS FOR TRANSPORTING FLUIDS OR PARTICLES |
| FLAGELLA | SINGLE OR FEW, WHIP-LIKE PROJECTION OFF A CELL THAT AIDES IN MOVEMENT. |
| NUCLEOPLASM | Fluid in the nucleus. |
| PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE | Regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Defines the area of the cell. Separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. |
| NUCLEUS | Contains the hereditary information (DNA). Controls the cell by providing the information to make specific proteins. |
| VESICLES | - Form by pinching off from other membranes. - Fuse with other membranes when they come into contact. - Used to transport materials. |
| ORGANELLE | cell parts with specialized function |
| CYTOSKELETON | A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell |
| CHROMATIN | A material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | responsible for the production and secretion of steroid hormones. |
| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | functions for detoxification, which is the removal of all the toxic materials such as (metabolic wastes or drugs) |
| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | associated with protein synthesis and also plays a vital role in protein folding |
| CYTOLOGY | STUDY OF CELLS |
| ROBERT HOOKE | 1665 -English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells |
| MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN | 1838 German botanist who determined plants are composed of cells. |
| RUDOLF VIRCHOW | 1858 - A doctor who stated that all living cells come from other living cells (part 3 of the cell theory) |
| ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK | 1673 Dutch naturalist who created a very powerful (for the time period) single lens microscope, He observed pond water. In pond scum he discovered small animals he called animalcules,or little animals (protists),and also discovered bacteria while examining scraping of crud from his teeth. |
| EUKARYOTIC | An organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria |
| CELL | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| THEODORE SCHWANN | German physiologist, histologist, & zoologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of animal tissue (1810-1882) |
| PROKARYOTIC | A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| true | EU |
| before/NO | PRO |
| nucleus | KARY |
| single celled | UNICELLULAR |
| many cells | MULTICELLULAR |
| CELL MEMBRANE | thin membrane that forms the outer surface of the protoplasm of a cell and regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell |
| CYTOPLASM | fluid that fills the cell, which includes the cytosol along with filaments, proteins, ions and macromolecular structures as well as the organelles suspended in the cytosol. |
| NUCLEUS | membrane-bound structure that contains a cell's hereditary information and controls its growth and reproduction. |
| PERMEABLE | having pores or openings that allow substances to pass through |
| CELL THEORY | -All living organisms are composed of cells. -Cells are the smallest unit of life -Cells come from pre-exsisting cells and cannot be created from non-living material. |
| CYTOPLASM | The jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks and, in some types of cells, organelles, is called . . . . |
| RIBOSOMES | Site of protein synthesis. |
| PATHOGEN | a microorganism that causes, or can cause, disease |
| SPONTANEOUS GENERATION | previously popular thinking that a living thing could arise or develop from a non-living thing |
| PASTEURIZATION | heating food process with as purpose to kill and eliminate harmful organisms |
| LOUIS PASTEUR | came up with the food preparation process known as pasteurization; he also developed vaccinations for anthrax and rabies. |
| Francesco Redi | conducted a controlled experiment where he showed living organisms come from other living organisms |
| CELL WALL | barrier around cell membrane in plant cells |
| MASS | KG is unit for what type of measure? |
| TIME | SEC is unit for what type of measure |
| DISTANCE | meters is unit for what type of measure? |
| METERS | DISTANCE scientific base units? |
| Liter (L) or milliliter (mL) | What unit would be used for measuring volume (such as a can of coke)? |
| meter (m) | Appropriate unit for measuring the length of a room? |
| kilometers (km) | Which unit would be used in determining distance from school to the Omaha Zoo? |
| grams (g) | What scientific unit would be most appropriate for measuring biomass of a soybean plant? |
| milligrams (mg) | Unit to measure the amount of ibuprofen in a capsule? |
| centimeters (cm) | Unit to measure the height of a blade of grass? |
| millimeters(m) | the thickness of 5 sheets of notebook paper? |
| milliliter (mL) | the amount of a dose of cough syrup? |
| centimeters (cm) | the circumference of softball? |
| seconds (s) | normal measurement for time |
| degrees Celsius (oC) | scientific unit for temperature |
| CUBIC CENTIMETERS/CENTIMETERS CUBED | The appropriate unit for measure volume of wood blocks. |
| LITER | Appropriate unit for measuring the volume of water given to chickens |
| CONCLUSION | The hypothesis stated the type of water sealer would affect mass of wood blocks soaked in water. The data collected supports the hypothesis. |
| PROBLEM | Starts with “Does” or “Will”, contains IV and DV, and ends with “?” |
| PROCEDURE | -Written as numbered steps -Each step begins with a verb, “command” statements |
| CONCLUSION | -Restates hypothesis -States whether hypothesis is supported or not supported |
| PROBLEM | Will the type of water sealer affect mass of wood blocks soaked in water in grams? |
| HYPOTHESIS | If the type of sealer changes, then the amount of mass wood blocks will change. The blocks that have the sealer that contains carboxyl will gain the least amount of water. |
| RESULTS | The wood blocks with carboxyl applied gained an average of 26.32 grams. The wood bricks with acetyl acetate applied gained an average of 33.77 grams. |
| PROBLEM | Will ___________affect ______? |
| HYPOTHESIS | If ___________ decreases, then ________ will decrease. |
| PROCEDURE | 1. Get 30 wood blocks 24 cm x 6 cm. 2. Apply 25 mL of carboxyl sealer to 10 of the wood blocks. 3. Allow to dry for 24 hours. 4. ….continued |
| RESULTS . | -Contains numbers. -Usually refers to statistical analysis like average, mean, median, or range |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | the part of the experiment, that the person doing the experiment changes or controls |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | part of the experiment being measured |
| CONTROL GROUP | the non-experimental group WHICH PART OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN? |
| CONSTANTS | keeps all necessary parts of the experimental design the same so the only effect caused by IV |
| RETESTS/TRIALS | repetition of the experiment; should have a minimum of 10 for each group |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | type of water sealer WHICH PART OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN? |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | mass of wood blocks after soaking in water WHICH PART OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN? |
| CONSTANT | The same amount of time the wood blocks are soaked in water. WHICH PART OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN? |
| CONTROL GROUP | The wood blocks not treated with sealer.WHICH PART OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN? |
| RETESTS | Thirty trials for each type of wood sealer and the control group. WHICH PART OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN? |
| problem | starts with "does" or "will" |
| hypothesis | starts with "if" or "as" |
| conclusion | includes "hypothesis is supported" |
| control group | test group without independent variable |
| NOT | AFFIX "A/AN" |
| metamorphosis | change in form |
| army | group of frogs |
| AMPHIBIA | class of salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads |
| Anura | order of amphibians without tails |
| Urodela | order of amphibians with tails |
| ECTOTHERMIC | Animals that hibernate or aestivate if extreme conditions |
| TYMPANIC MEMBRANE | DETECTS VIBRATIONS |
| TADPOLES | Young amphibian larvae |
| METAMORPHOSIS | PHYSICAL CHANGE FROM LARVA TO ADULT |
| Cutaneous respiration | SKIN BREATHING |
| three | How many chambers are in an amphibian's heart? |
| amphibia | Greek affix, meaning 'life on land and water' |
| herpetology | Study of reptiles and amphibians |
| oviparous | Term for laying large amounts of gelatinous eggs that are fertilized outside of the body |
| reptiles | An ectothermic class of vertebrate that has lungs and scaly skin. |
| amniotic | egg composed of shell and membranes that create a protected environment in which the embryo can develop out of the water. |
| ectotherms | body temperature fluctuates with its environment. |
| Testudines | order for turtles and tortoises |
| Squamata | order for lizards and snakes |
| Mesozoic Era | time period of the reptiles |
| Jacobson's Organ | a scent organ consisting of a pair of sacs or tubes typically in the roof of the mouth--commonly found in snakes and lizards |
| carapace | dorsal part of the shell |
| Autotomy | ability of some species to lose their tail if caught by a predator |
| constrictor | wraps around & suffocates |
| Elapid | inject poison through 2 small fixed fangs in front of the mouth |
| keratin | Protein, that creates their thick scaly skin |
| three | number of heart chambers for class reptilia |
| plastron | ventral portion of the turtle/tortoise shell |
| Crocodilia | order of crocodiles and alligators |
| torpor | reptiles form of hibernation |
| hemotoxin | A poison that attacks the red blood cells and blood vessels, destroying circulation |
| neurotoxin | a poison that acts on the nervous system; affects heart rate and breathing |
| external | fertilization of egg by sperm outside the organism's body |
| hemo | affix meaning "blood" |
| neuro | affix meaning "nerve" |
| toxin | affix meaning "poison or venom of plant or animal origin" |
| internal | fertilization of egg by sperm inside the organism's body |
| oviparous | producing eggs that mature and hatch after being expelled from the body |
| nicatating membrane | helps in protecting the eyes of the amphibians from water and mud while swimming |
| terrestrial | land dwellers |
| aquatic | water dwellers |
| marine | salt water/ocean dwellers |
| glottis | slit like opening in the mouth behind the tongue used for breathing and vocalizing |
| vomerine | hold prey in place before swallowing |
| nicitating membrane | helps in keeping the eyes moist when the frog is on land |
| nictitating membrane | helps in protecting the eyes of the amphibians from water and mud while swimming in water |
| Class Chondricthyes | classification cartilaginous fish |
| denticles | skin covered with tooth like projections |
| Class Osteichthyes | classification of bony fish |
| swim bladder | internal organ that makes bony fish neutrally buoyant |
| Class Agnatha | classification of jawless fish |
| Class Osteichthyes | classification of fish with endoskeleton made of CALCIFIED cartilage |
| lube finned | primitive fish with thick muscular fins that are sometimes used for walking briefly on land |
| fins | body part allows a fish to swim and steer |
| Bone | Cartilage coated with calcium |
| ray finned | fish with at least 2 fins that have long bones resembling rays of sunlight coming from a central point |
| mucus | covers the bodies of all fish to protect from disease |
| ectotherms | Fish are called what to describe the temperature of their body that is NOT the same as their surroundings |
| gills | branching organs located on the side of fish heads that have many, many small blood vessels called capillaries |
| Dorsal fin | fin that keeps body upright located on top of fish |
| Caudal fin | tail fin that provides thrust (forward motion) |
| Anal fin | fin that helps keep body upright located on back ventral side of fish |
| pelvic fin | fin that allows turns and some fish use to rest on at the bottom of their habitat |
| pectoral fin | fin that allows turns and rear thrust |
| Adipose fin | fin with no motion (on some fish) |
| ventral | relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal |
| Pelvic fins | In front of anal fin on the ventral side |
| Class Agnatha | examples of this class are lampreys and hagfish |
| adipose fin | second dorsal fin |
| Pectoral fins | Side of fish near bottom directly beneath gills |
| dorsal | relating to the upper side or back of an anima |
| Class Chondricthyes | class that includes sharks, skates and rays |
| tail | affix "caud" |
| back | affix "dors" |
| cartilage | affix "chondr" |
| inside | affix "endo" |
| fish | affix "ichty" |
| bone | affix "oste" |
| energy/heat/temperature | affix "therm" |
| placoid | scale that it also known as denticles |
| outside | affix "exo" |
| ctenoid | scale with "comblike teeth" or "spines" |
| ganoid | scales that are hard and diamond in shape, overlapping each other |
| cycloid | scale that makes up inner layer of ganoid scales |
| diffusion | substance such as oxygen moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration |
| operculum | bony plate that covers the gills in some fish |
| homeostasis | the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism in response to the environmental changes |
| spawning | type of external fertilization in which the eggs and the sperm are released in the same area at the same time |
| anterior | frontal region of an organism |
| posterior | behind region of an organism...not the back |
| lateral line | fish sense organ that detects vibrations |
| pelvic fin | paired fins found on ventral and anterior on the fish |
| pectoral fin | allows for quick changes in direction and speed |
| pelvic fin | pair of fins that stabilizes fish and allows for up and down motion |
| outside | affix "ecto" |
| not/non/one | affix "a" or "an" |
| jaw | affix "gnath" |
