| A | B |
|---|
| enzyme | a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. |
| uracil | one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA |
| uracil | base in RNA that replaces thymine in DNA |
| RNA | any of a class of single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus |
| amino acids | organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functional groups |
| proteins | made up of long chains of amino acids |
| codon | a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis. — called also triplet. |
| polypeptides | a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| mRNA | transcribes the information from DNA to the cell machinery that makes proteins |
| tRNA | act as temporary carriers of amino acids, |
| transcription | the synthesis of mRNA (messenger RNA) from a DNA template, takes place in nucleus |
| translation | the synthesis of a polypeptide chain from a segment of RNA, takes place in cytoplasm |
| RNA | made up of ribose sugar and base uracil |
| codon | template for protein synthesis which takes place on ribosomes |
| RNA | made up of bases, adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine |
| ribose | type of sugar that makes up RNA |
| tRNA | carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message |
| mRNA | carries instructions of polypeptide synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| codon | A group of three nitrogenous bases that code for an amino acid |
| anti codon | A set of three nitrogenous bases on tRNA that matches a codon on mRNA |
| translation | Changes information in mRNA to a strand of amino acids that make a protein |
| RNA polymerase | Opens DNA strands and joins the RNA nucleotides as they base pair along the DNA template in transcription. |
| transcription | process by which a section of DNA is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule |
| translation | the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| ribosomes | organelle where amino acids are bonded together to form proteins |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| polypeptide | forms as a result of amino acids bond together with peptide bonds |
| proteins | made up of one or more polypeptide molecules |
| structural proteins | proteins resulting in physical traits |
| enzymatic proteins | proteins resulting in metabolic traits |
| hormonal proteins | proteins which control growth and development |
| central dogma of molecular biology | explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is often stated as "DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein" |
| Defensive Protein | Antibodies are formed in the white blood cells and attack bacteria, viruses and other harmful microorganisms, rendering them inactive. |
| Storage protein | accumulate mineral ions |
| transport protein | carry vital materials to the cells |
| Receptor protein | control the substances that enter and leave the cells |
| contractile/motor proteins | regulate the strength and speed of heart and muscle contractions |
| GREGOR MENDEL | DISCOVERED INHERITED TRAITS WHILE STUDYING PEA PLANTS, DETERMINED PHYSICAL TRAITS ARE A RESULT OF GENES |
| FREIDRICH MIESCHER | DISCOVERED DNA |
| WALTER SUTTON | WORKED WITH GRASSHOPPERS AND ESTABLISHED THE CHROMOSOME THEORY |
| THOMAS HUNT MORGAN | USED EYE COLOR OF FRUIT FLIES TO DETERMINE A LINK BETWEEN GENES AND CHROMOSOMES |
| FREDRICK GRIFFITH | USED TRANSFORMATION OF BACTERIA INJECTED IN MICE TO DETERMINE TRANSFORMING AGENT WAS AN INHERITANCE MOLECULE |
| AVERY, MACLEOD, & MACCARTY | DEFINED TRANSFORMING AGENT AS DNA |
| EDWIN CHARGAFF | IDENTIFIED THE DNA BASES AND DISCOVERED THE 1:1 RATIO OF BASE PAIRS |
| MAURICE WILKINS | photographed DNA using X-Ray crystallography |
| DNA | DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS | Macromolecules that includes DNA and RNA |
| NUCLEOTIDE | A subunit of nucleic acids formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| ADENINE | Nitrogen base that pairs with thymine in DNA |
| GUANINE | A nitrogen base found in DNA; pairs only with cytosine. |
| THYMINE | A nucleotide that pairs with adenine. Found only in DNA. |
| CYTOSINE | A nitrogenous base found in DNA; pairs with guanine |
| HYDROGEN BOND | A weak chemical bond used to hold complementary base pairs together |
| BASE PAIRS | Any of the pairs formed between complementary bases in the two nucleotide chains of DNA |
| DNA | Long Double Helix, made of Nucleotides |
| DEOXYRIBOSE | sugar in DNA |
| ROSALIND FRANKLIN | photographed DNA using sharp X-Ray diffraction; Watson and Crick used her data to discover shape of DNA |
| HERSHEY & CHASE | confirmed DNA was genetic material, not protein |
| WATSON & CRICK | discovered double helix 3 dimensional structure |
| PURINE | composed of a double ring of six-member nitrogen-containing ring and a five-member nitrogen-containing ring joined together...includes adenine and guanine |
| PYRIMIDINE | have a six-member nitrogen-containing ring...includes cytosine and thymine |
| DNA | controls production of proteins |
| nucleus | controls activities of cell through chromosomes |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| sugar (deoxyribo) & phosphate | makes up sides of of DNA double helix ladder |
| nitrogen bases | makes up rungs of DNA double helix |
| adenine | a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA. |
| guanine | one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA. |
| thymine | a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA. |
| cytosine | a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA. |
| hydrogen | bond between the bases that compose the rungs of DNA |
| shape of DNA | double helix |
| Gregor Mendel | discovered that inherited traits are determined by discrete units, or 'genes, passed on from the parents. |
| Freidrich Miescher | discovered DNA by isolating something new from the nuclei of eukaryotic cells |
| Walter Sutton | Established chromosomes as carriers of genetic material and these chromosomes are the basis for genetic inheritance |
| Thomas Hunt Morgan | Discovered genes are located (linked) on chromosomes |
| Edwin Chargaff | Discovered a 1:1 ratio of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine in DNA samples from a variety of organisms. |
| James Watson & Francis Crick | Discovered double helix structure of DNA |
| enzyme | a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. |
| DNA | DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID |
| DNA HELICASE | essential during DNA replication because separates double-stranded DNA into single strands |
| DNA POLYMERASE | usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule, by "reading" the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones |
| DNA LIGASE | joins new strand of DNA to old strand by forming new chemical bond |
| DNA REPLICATION | the process of making identical copies of DNA before cell division |
| SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION | Each half of an original DNA molecule serves as a templete for a new strand, and the two new DNA molecules each have one old and one new strand. |
| DNA HELICASE | unwinds the double helix of DNA and separates the DNA strands in preparation for DNA replication. |
| DNA POLYMERASE | Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
| LEADING STRAND | the strand of DNA that is continuously synthesized into the replication fork. |
| LAGGING STRAND | The strand that is synthesized away from the replication fork , in fragments using sections called Okazaki fragments. |
| OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS | Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand. |
| REPLICATION FORK | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing. |
| shape of DNA | double helix |
| replication | The production of a new copy of an organism's genetic information which is passed on to a new cell |
| phosphate group | A group composed of one phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms |
| covalent bonds | What type of bond holds together the phosphates and sugars in the ladder sides of DNA? |
| hydrogen bonds | What type of bond holds together the nitrogen bases (rungs) of DNA? |
| Chargaff's rule | [A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing. equal amounts of adenine bonds with thymine and equal amount of guanine bonds with cytosine. |
| semi conservative | In DNA replication, each copy contains one original strand and one newly-synthesized strand |
