| A | B |
|---|
| ascribed status | a position that is neither earned nor chosen; born with it |
| positive deviance | behavior that overconforms to norms |
| negative deviance | behavior that underconforms to norms |
| deviant | a person who breaks significant norms |
| social sanctions | rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms |
| anomie | social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent |
| strain theory | theory that deviance is likely to occur when goals cannot be achieved legimately |
| primary deviance | deviance that involves occasional breaking of norms |
| secondary deviance | deviance in which an individual is identified as a deviant |
| victim discounting | process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status |
| labeling theory | theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant |
| white-collar crime | job-related crimes committed by high-status people |
| deterrence | discounting criminal acts by threatening punishment |
| rehabilitiation | process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization |
| social stratification | ranking of people or groups according to their unequal access to scarce resources |
| social class | segment of society whose members hold similar amounts of resources and share values and norms |
| income | amount of money received by an individual or group over a specific time period |
| wealth | total economic resources held by a person or group |
| power | the ability of one person to control others |
| prestige | recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social position |
| feminization of poverty | a trend in the US in which women and children make up large percentage of the poor |
| social mobility | the movement of individuals or groups between social classes |
| intergenerational mobility | a change in status from one generation to the next |
| minority | a group of people with physical or cultural traits different from those of the dominant group |
| race | people sharing certain inherited physical characteristics within a society |
| assimilation | the blending of minority groups into the dominant society |
| cultural pluralism | desire of a group to maintain some sense of identity separate from the dominant group |
| racism | an act of disrimination based on racial prejudice |
