| A | B |
|---|
| cells | basic building blocks of life |
| simple microscope | has only one lens |
| compound microscope | microscope with more than one lens |
| Robert Hooke | one of the first people to observe cells in a piece of cork |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | saw "animolecules" or one-celled organisms in water using a simple microscope |
| Schleiden | concluded that all plants are made of cells |
| Schwann | concluded that all animals are made of cells |
| Virchow | concluded that all cells come from cells |
| magnification | ability to make things look larger than they are |
| resolution | the sharpness of an image |
| cell wall | rigid layer of nonliving material that protects and supports the cells of plants |
| cell membrane | separates the cell from the outside environment and regulates what comes in and out |
| nucleus | the "brain" of the cell |
| chromatin | genetic material in the nucleus that stores information on how to direct the cell |
| nucleolus | organelle in the nucleus where ribosomes are made |
| cytoplasm | region between the cell membrane and the nucleus filled with a clean, gel-like fluid that is constantly moving |
| mitochondria | "powerhouses" of the cell that produce energy |
| endoplasmic reticulum | maze of passageways that carries proteins and other materials |
| ribosomes | found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and floating in the cytoplasm, these are like protein factories in the cell |
| golgi bodies | like the cell's mailroom, this structure in the cell packages proteins and other materials and distributes them throughout the cell |
| chloroplasts | organelles in plant cells that capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell (also give plants their green color) |
| vacuoles | storage area of the cell |
| lysosomes | organelles that contain chemicals to break down large food particles and old cell parts |
| bacterial cells | cells without a nucleus |
| element | any substance that cannot be broken down into sipmler substances (like carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) |
| atom | the smallest unit of an element |
| compound | the chemical combination of two or more elements (like water, carbon dioxide, or glucose) |
| molecule | the smallest unit of most compounds |
| organic compounds | compounds that contain carbon (like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids) |
| inorganic compounds | compounds that don't contain carbon (like water and salt) |
| carbohydrates | organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is an important component of cell walls and membranes, includes sugars and starches |
| proteins | large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur found in meat, eggs, fish, and nuts |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| enzymes | type of protein that speeds up a chemcial reaction in a living thing |
| lipids | organic compound including fats, oils, and waxes that stores energy |
| cholesterol | lipid that is an important component of animal cell membranes but can clog blood vessels |
| nucleic acids | large organic molecules containing the instructions that cells need to carry out the functions of life |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid. genetic material that is passed from parent to offspring |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid. nucleic acid that plays an important role in protein production |
| selectively permeable | some substances can pass through, others cannot |
| diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area of higher concnetration to an area of lower concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane |
| passive transport | movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy |
| active transport | movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy |
| transport proteins | proteins in the cell membrane the "pick up" molecules outside the cell and carry the min (using energy) in active transport |
| photosynthesis | using light to make food |
| pigments | colored chemical compounds that absorb light |
| chlorophyll | main pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants |
| stomata | small openings on the undersides of leaves that allow in carbon dioxide |
| autotroph | organism that makes its own food (like plants) |
| heterotroph | orgaism that cannot make its ovwn food (like caterpillars and humans) |
| respiration | the process by which cells break down glucose and other food to withdrcell cycleaw energy |
| fermentation | a way of getting energy without using oxygen (products can include alcohol or lactic acid) |
| cell cycle | regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo |
| interphase | first stage of the cell cycle when cell grows to mature size, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares to divide into two cells |
| replication | process by which a cell makes a copy of its DNA |
| mitosis | second stage of the cell cycle in which one copy of the DNA is given out to each of the two daughter cells |
| chromosome | a doubled rod of condensed chromatin |
| chromatid | each identical rod in a chromosome |
| centromere | structure that holds the strands of a chromosome together |
