| A | B |
|---|
| Cardiac output | Amount of blood that the heart pumps out every minute |
| What increases preload? | Fluid volume overload (hypervolemia) |
| What increases afterload? | Vasoconstriction (like with hypertension) |
| What affect does increased heartrate have on oxygen demand? | It increases it |
| Acute Pericarditis | Pain worsens with breathing, pericardial friction rub is present. |
| Infarction means? | Death |
| Unstable angina | Not relieved with rest or medications. Usually precedes a myocardial infarction. |
| What happens in cardiac tamponade? | Heart is compressed |
| What is the cellular response during Acute Coronary Syndrome? | Localized vasodilation, acidosis, electrolyte shifts |
| How many mL are normally in the pericardial cavity? | 30 - 50 |
| What decreases preload? | Fluid volume deficit (hypovolemia) |
| Manifestations of a Myocardial Infarction | Crushing substernal pain; radiation to neck, left arm and jaw possible; nausea/ vomiting; anxiety; SOB. Women have more GI symptoms. |
| What are manifestations of cardiac tamponade? | Muffled heart sounds, pulsus paradoxus |
| What decreases afterload? | Vasodilation |
| Transmural infarct | Extends the full thickness of the ventricular wall |
| Is scar tissue capable of contraction and conduction? | No. Scar tissue just fills the necrotic spot. |
| Stable angina | Relieved by rest or medication |
| Ischemia means? | Injury |
| Subendocardial infarct | Affects the inner 1/3 to 1/2 of the ventricle wall |
| P wave indicates | Atrial depolarization |
| What is a complication of A- Fib (atrial fibrillation) | Blood clots |
| What does depolarization cause? | Contraction |
| In systolic heart failure the EF is | < 40% |
| Causes of dysrhythmias? | Hypoxia, ischemia, structural disorders, toxins, electrical disturbances |
| Causes of right sided heart failure | Left ventricular failure, valve disease, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale |
| What is the "gold standard" laboratory biomarker for a Myocardial Infarction? | Troponin |
| When do the coronary arteries receive blood | During diastole (when ventricles are relaxed) |
| Infective Endocarditis manifestations | Signs/ symptoms of systemic infection, petechial hemorrhages (skin, nailbeds, mucous membranes) |
| Can a myocardial infarction cause cardiogenic shock? | Yes, it is the most common cause |
| A patient has aortic valve stenosis, what symptoms might you expect? | Increased pressure in left ventricle, possible hypertrophy, tissue hypoxia |
| Name a life threatening dysrhythmia | V-Tach (ventricular tachycardia), V-Fib (ventricular fibrillation) |
| Rheumatic heart disease cause | Acute immune mediated inflammatory disease (recent exposure to Group A beta hemolytic strep) |
| What effect does cardiomyopathy have on cardiac output? | Decreases it |
| Carditis means? | Effects all layers of the heart |
| Ascites, peripheral edema, JVD, liver and spleen enlargement are manifestations of | Right sided Heart Failure |
| What is the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy? | Heart failure |
| What causes pink frothy sputum? | Fluid in alveoli do not allow for adequate gas exchange. This can damage capillaries leading to bleeding. Frothy from all the fluid |
| What are some Left sided Heart Failure manifestations | SOB, crackles, pulmonary edema, tachycardia, cyanosis |
| At what stage of shock can the damage become irreversible? | Progressive Stage |
| Myocarditis causes | Infection, inflammatory processes, autoimmune disorders, and drug reactions |
| Lactic acid begins in what stage of shock? | Initial |
| Lactic acid in shock is the result of | Tissue switching from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism resulting in hypoxic cell injury |
| Hypovolemic shock causes | Loss of volume |
| The MAP falls 10 -15% below normal and compensatory mechanism kick in during which stage of shock? | Compensatory |
| Neurogenic shock causes | Loss of sympathetic control |
| Cause of cardiogenic shock | Pump (heart) fails |
| What happens to the blood vessels in anaphylactic shock | They vasodilate and capillaries will leak |
| Cause of anaphylactic shock | Severe hypersensitivity reaction |
| Most common cause of cardiogenic shock | MI |
| Cause of septic shock | SIRS (from immune) + an Infection |
| What is the only shock where the heartrate and temperature decrease | Neurogenic shock |
