| A | B |
|---|
| CHROMATIN | plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function. |
| DNA | Hereditary information that gets passed on during reproduction. It also directs the cells activities while not dividing. Responsible for the production of proteins. |
| ASEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM ONE PARENT |
| SEXUAL | REPRODUCTION FROM TWO PARENTS |
| CHROMOSOMES | compacted versions of chromatin |
| MITOSIS | the orderly sequence of a cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | the orderly sequence of a cell going through growth and division |
| INTERPHASE | Stage of cell cycle in which the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases |
| S (SYNTHESIS) | the phase during interphase where the DNA replicates itself |
| G1 (GAP 1) | the phase during interphase where the cell grows |
| G2 (GAP 2) | the phase during interphase where the cell prepares to divide by copying its organelles and continues to grow |
| MITOSIS | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| CYTOKINESIS | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| PROPHASE | part of cell division when chromosomes first appear as sister chromatids |
| PROPHASE | part of mitosis when the nucleolus disappears |
| PROPHASE | phase of mitosis when spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromatid |
| PROPHASE | phase of cell division when the nuclear envelope disappears |
| METAPHASE | part of mitosis when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| ANAPHASE | part of mitosis when sister chromatids separate from their partners |
| ANAPHASE | part of cell division when microtubules shorten/length to bring each chromatids to opposite poles of the cell |
| PROPHASE | begins when centrioles reach the poles during cell division |
| TELOPHASE | everything that happened in prophase is reversed |
| TELOPHASE | spindles disappear, nuclear envelopes reappear, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear |
| CYTOKINESIS | completes the cell cycle after division by dividing the cytoplasm |
| CYTOKINESIS | stage of the cell cycle that results in two identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | cytokinesis, interphase, mitosis |
| INTERPHASE | stage of the cell cycle including phases G1, S, G2 |
| CENTRIOLES | move to the poles and shorten spindle fibers to pull chromatids apart during anaphase |
| CENTROMERES | attach sister chromatids together in the middle (intersection of the X) |
| CHROMATIDS | form as dna condenses to make up chromosomes, "sisters" |
| CHROMATIN | single, thread like strands in the nucleus, which contain DNA |
| HAPLOID | 1 copy (N) of each chromosomes in gametes. Example: 23 chromosomes in humans |
| DIPLOID | 2 copies (2N) of each chromosome. Example: 46 chromosomes in humans |
| SOMATIC | referred to as diploid body cells since they make up most of body tissues and organ, DNA is not passed on |
| GAMETES | referred to as sex cells, haploid egg in females, haploid sperm in males, DNA is passed on |
| MEIOSIS | cell division resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells |
| SEXUAL | two parents, genetic diversity as a result of meiosis |
| ASEXUAL | one parent, no genetic diversity, offspring identical to parent as in mitosis |
| PROPHASE I | crossing over occurs |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | chromosomes that are similar size and carrying same traits |
| ANAPHASE I | homologous chromosomes separate |
| METAPHASE I | homologous chromosomes line up across the equatorial plate |
| chromosomes | genes are found on these structures |
| crossing-over | pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged during meiosis |
| karyotype | a chart showing all of an organism's chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs |
| CHROMOSOMES | compacted versions of chromatin |
| MITOSIS | the orderly sequence of a cell division resulting in 2 identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | the orderly sequence of a cell going through growth and division |
| INTERPHASE | Stage of cell cycle in which the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases |
| S (SYNTHESIS) | the phase during interphase where the DNA replicates itself |
| G1 (GAP 1) | the phase during interphase where the cell grows |
| G2 (GAP 2) | the phase during interphase where the cell prepares to divide by copying its organelles and continues to grow |
| MITOSIS | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| CYTOKINESIS | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| PROPHASE | part of cell division when chromosomes first appear as sister chromatids |
| PROPHASE | part of mitosis when the nucleolus disappears |
| PROPHASE | phase of mitosis when spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromatid |
| PROPHASE | phase of cell division when the nuclear envelope disappears |
| METAPHASE | part of mitosis when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| ANAPHASE | part of mitosis when sister chromatids separate from their partners |
| ANAPHASE | part of cell division when microtubules shorten/length to bring each chromatids to opposite poles of the cell |
| PROPHASE | begins when centrioles reach the poles during cell division |
| TELOPHASE | everything that happened in prophase is reversed |
| TELOPHASE | spindles disappear, nuclear envelopes reappear, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear |
| CYTOKINESIS | completes the cell cycle after division by dividing the cytoplasm |
| CYTOKINESIS | stage of the cell cycle that results in two identical daughter cells |
| CELL CYCLE | cytokinesis, interphase, mitosis |
| INTERPHASE | stage of the cell cycle including phases G1, S, G2 |
| CENTRIOLES | move to the poles and shorten spindle fibers to pull chromatids apart during anaphase |
| CENTROMERES | attach sister chromatids together in the middle (intersection of the X) |
| CHROMATIDS | form as dna condenses to make up chromosomes, "sisters" |
| CHROMATIN | single, thread like strands in the nucleus, which contain DNA |
| HAPLOID | 1 copy (N) of each chromosomes in gametes. Example: 23 chromosomes in humans |
| DIPLOID | 2 copies (2N) of each chromosome. Example: 46 chromosomes in humans |
| SOMATIC | referred to as diploid body cells since they make up most of body tissues and organ, DNA is not passed on |
| GAMETES | referred to as sex cells, haploid egg in females, haploid sperm in males, DNA is passed on |
| MEIOSIS | cell division resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells |
| SEXUAL | two parents, genetic diversity as a result of meiosis |
| ASEXUAL | one parent, no genetic diversity, offspring identical to parent as in mitosis |
| PROPHASE I | crossing over occurs |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | chromosomes that are similar size and carrying same traits |
| ANAPHASE I | homologous chromosomes separate |
| METAPHASE I | homologous chromosomes line up across the equatorial plate |
| POLAR BODIES | each of the small cells which bud off from an oocyte at the two meiotic divisions and do not develop into ova. |
| ZYGOTE | a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum. |
| SYNAPSIS | the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis. |
| OOGENESIS | the production or development of an ovum |
| SPERMATOGENESIS | the production or development of mature spermatozoa |
| 23 | number of chromosomes each parent cell (sperm or egg) contributes in humans |
| TETRADS | two homologous chromosomes that are attached together. Also called synapsis. |
| CHROMATIN | Stringy substance that consist of DNA tightly coiled around proteins before it forms into chromosomes. |
| CHROMOSOMES | What two-rod structures contain the cell's DNA? |
| CHROMATID | single rod of chromosome |
| CENTROMERES | attach sister chromatids together in the middle (intersection of the X) |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | chromosomes that are similar size and carrying same traits |
| chromosomes | genes are found on these structures |
| crossing-over | pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged during meiosis |
| karyotype | a chart showing all of an organism's chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs |
| CHROMOSOMES | compacted versions of chromatin |
| HAPLOID | 1 copy (N) of each chromosomes in gametes. Example: 23 chromosomes in humans |
| DIPLOID | 2 copies (2N) of each chromosome. Example: 46 chromosomes in humans |
| SOMATIC | referred to as diploid body cells since they make up most of body tissues and organ, DNA is not passed on |
| GAMETES | referred to as sex cells, haploid egg in females, haploid sperm in males, DNA is passed on |
| MEIOSIS | cell division resulting one cell dividing twice to form 4 haploid daughter cells |
| SEXUAL | two parents, genetic diversity as a result of meiosis |
| ASEXUAL | one parent, no genetic diversity, offspring identical to parent as in mitosis |
| PROPHASE I | stage in which crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurs |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | matching chromosomes from each parent |
| ANAPHASE I | homologous chromosomes separate go from 2n to n |
| METAPHASE I | homologous chromosomes line up across the equatorial plate |
| PROPHASE II | 2ND division when spindle fibers form |
| MEIOSIS II | division that involves haploid number of chromosomes |
| MEIOSIS I | division that involves diploid number of chromosomes |
| crossing over | chromosomal segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes |
| METAPHASE II | 2nd division when chromosomes line up at equator |
| ANAPHASE II | 2nd division when chromosomes are pulled by apart by spindle fibers attached to centromeres |
| TELOPHASE II | 2nd division which forms 4 nuclei |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| polar bodies | form 3 as a result of meiosis in females, disintegrate |
| ovum | single gamete formed as a result of meiosis in females |
| TELOPHASE I | during this stage, there is a complete haploid set of chromosomes (but each chromosome still has two sister chromatids) |
| spermatogensis | meiosis resulting in production of sperm cells in males |
| oogenesis | meiosis resulting in production of ova (egg) cells in females |
| spermatids | gamete formed as a result of meiosis in males |
| ovum | always carries an X chromosome |
| spermatids | may carry an X or y chromosome |
| interkinesis | short intermediate stage between meiosis I and meiosis II |
| karyokinesis | division of the nucleus |
| tetrads | foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids |
| syngamy | fusion of two different cells in sexual reproduction |
| gametes | organisms reproductive cells |
| MEIOSIS | the process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half throughout the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. |
| synapsis | formation of tetrads; homologous chromosomes come together |
| spindle apparatus | moves and organizes the chromosomes before cell division |
| CANCER | uncontrolled cell growth |
| APOPTOSIS | programmed cell death |
| CARCINOGEN | an agent that causes cancer |
| STEM CELL | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right condition |
| TOTIPOTENT/EMBRYONIC | cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization |
| PLURIPOTENT | cells can give rise to almost any type of cell that make up the body |
| MULTIPOTENT | adult stem cells and cord blood stem cells |
| KINETOCHORE | a complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, to which the microtubules of the spindle attach |
