| A | B |
|---|
| Al - Qaeda | Militant Islamist group founded by Osama Bin Laden |
| Arab Spring | A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011) |
| Ayatollah | Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989) |
| Carthage | founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. major commercial cente in W. Mediterranean, defeated by Rome in 3rd cent. BCE |
| Christianity | Monotheistic religion, based on Old Testament & teachings of Jesus, introduced the New Testament |
| Fertile Crescent | fertile land in the Middle East stretching around the Nile to Tigris & Euphrates Rivers |
| Five Pillars of Faith | 5 steps to be less evil through Islam-affirmation, prayer, alms-giving, fasting & pilgrimage. |
| Haj | A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims |
| Hamas | Palestinian terrorist Islamic movement that opposes peace with Israel |
| Holocaust / Genocide | Extermination of a race, orchestrated by Hitler to eliminate Jews, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally, physically disabled |
