| A | B |
|---|
| turgor pressure | Pressure exerted by the cytoplasm being pushed against a cell wall |
| adventitious roots | Roots that grow from structures that are not part of the original root system |
| transpiration | the evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant |
| deciduous | falling off at a specific stage of development or time of the year |
| plasmodesmata | openings in cell walls that allow substances to flow between cells |
| xylem | The part of the plant transport system that moves water and minerals upward from the roots to the leaves |
| phloem | The part of the plant transport system that moves nutrients (like sugars) from a location in the plant that has a high concentration of nutrients to a location that has a low concentration |
| zone of maturation | the cells in this portion of a root complete their differentiation and form tissues |
| zone of elongation | the cells in this portion of a root become longer making this portion of the root longer |
| zone of division | This is the area of a root where apical meristemetic cells are actively undergoing mitosis |
| vascular cambium | The area of the stem that produces the xylem and phloem |
| bryophytes | plants that do not have a vascular system, roots, stems, or leaves |
| pteridophytes | plants with a vascular system that make spores |
| gymnosperms | plants that have a vascular system and produce seeds but not flowers |
| angiosperms | plants that have a vascular system, make seeds, and have flowers |
| monocot | angiosperms with parallel veins, herbaceous stems, fibrous root systems, flowers with parts in multiples of 3 |
| dicot (eudicot) | angiosperms with net like veins, woody stems, taproot system, flowers with parts in multiples of 4 and 5's |
| fruit | a ripened ovary that includes fleshy or dry material surrounding a seed |
| stamen | the male structure of a flower |
| pistil | the female structure of a flower |
| stomata | the openings on the underside of leaves that let gases in and out of a leaf |
| guard cells | the cells that surround stomata |
| spongy mesophyll | the tissue layer in a leaf that allows for gases to circulate |
| palisade mesophyll | the tissue layer in a leaf that increases the number of photosynthesis cells that are in direct sunlight |
| cellulose | the carbohydrate that makes up plant cell walls to add structure |
| lignin | the substance found in certain cell walls to add strength |
| fiber | in nutrition, a carbohydrate that the body cannot digest |
| flaccid | the condition of a plant cell in which the plasma membrane is not pressed tightly against the cell wall |
| turgid | the condition of a plant cell in which the plasma membrane is pressed tightly against the cell wall |
| chloroplasts | a plastid in plants that contain chlorophyll to manufacture food |
| plastids | double-membrane organelles in plants that contain pigments and are responsible for manufacturing food |
| chromoplasts | a plastid in plants that can contain red, purple, yellow, and orange pigments to manufacture food |
| meristematic cells | cells that are able to differentiate into all the other types of cells |
| parenchyma | thin-walled cells primarily involved with metabolism as well as food storage sites |
| collenchyma | elongated cells that are usually present directly under the plant epidermis to provide strength and flexibility |
| schlerenchyma | cells that provide rigidity to cells and are dead at maturity |
| vascular tissue | tissue that is composed of xylem and phloem |
| epidermal tissue | the tissue that comprises the outer layer of plants |
| ground tissue | tissue that is not epidermal or vascular tissue |
| apical meristem | tissue located at the tips of roots and stems that is responsible for their growth |
| lateral meristem | tissue located on the sides of the roots, stems, and branches to allow for width-wise growth |
| intercalary meristem | tissue located at the base of leaves near the main stem that enables a plant to grow more rapidly and to replace damaged leaves or stems |
| petiole | the leaf structure that attaches a leaf to the stem |
| midrib | the leaf structure going from the petiole to the tip of the leaf |
| veins | the leaf structures that branch from the midrib and carry nutrients through the leaf |
| peduncle | the structure that connects flower to the stem |
| receptacle | the base of a flower |
| sepals | green structures that look like little leaves that surround the receptacle of a flower |
| petals | the colorful structures of a flower |
| stigma | the tip of the pistil that pollen sticks to |
| anther | the knob-like structure at the tip of a stamen that holds pollen |
| taproot | a single, long root with smaller branches off the central root |
| fibrous root | a highly-branched root system with many roots and many branches |
| root cap | the hardened tip of a root |
| aerial roots | roots that hang from branches of trees or large plants |
| pneumatophores | aerial roots that form tube-like structures that extend above water to exchange oxygen with the air |
| contractile roots | roots that are able to pull the plant down to the proper depth for optimal growth |
| buttress roots | roots that provide extra support at the base of trees that face extreme conditions like shallow soil depth |
| stolon | a specialized stem that travels laterally on top of the ground |
| rhizome | a specialized stem that grows horizontally under ground tha can form a new plant or store food (e.g. ginger, turmeric, bamboo) |
| tuber | a specialized stem that enlarges to store nutrients especially starch (potato) |
| bulb | a specialized stem that contains several layers of fleshy scales that cover the shoot and give rise to a plant (example daffodils, hyacinths, and tulips) |
| corms | a specialized stem that stores nutrients in a mass instead of fleshy scales (e.g. banana plants, gladiolas, crocuses) |
| cladodes | specialized flattened stems found in cactuses |
| thorns | a specialized stem that is used for protection |
| tendril | a specialized stem that is wraps around supports |
| heartwood | the wood that is at the center of a wood plant |
| sapwood | the wood that surrounds the heartwood |
| bundle sheath | the structure that surrounds the vessels in leaves |
| biomimicry | using a design found in living organisms to develop an artificial system |
| endozoochory | seed dispersal when an animal ingests a seed and then defecates the seed |
| endosperm | the nutrition supply for an embryo plant |
| dichotomous key | a tool that uses a series of yes-no questions to classify things |
| cotyledon | the embryonic leaves in a seed that will become the source of nutrients in the early stages of the plant's development |
| angiosperm explosion | the sudden appearance of flower-bearing plants in the fossil record |
