| A | B |
|---|
| AXIAL | forms the central axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone of the throat, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage |
| APPENDICULAR | region of the skeleton composed of bones of upper and lower limbs |
| CARPALS | the eight bones of the wrist, which are arranged in two rows, a proximal and a distal row, each consisting of four bones |
| PHALANGES | any of the 14 tapering bones composing the fingers of each hand and the toes of each foot |
| CARTILAGE | tough, flexible, dense connective tissue--composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix |
| JOINTS | location at which two bones make contact. |
| TENDONS | Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles |
| LIGAMENTS | tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that binds the bone ends at the joint |
| BONE MARROW | soft blood-forming tissue that fills the cavities of bones and contains fat and immature and mature blood cells |
| FRACTURE | when the continuity of a bone is broken. There are many different types of fracture from greenstick, hairline, and compression to oblique, impacted, and longitudinal. |
| SPRAIN | abnormal stretching or tearing of a ligament that supports a joint |
| STRAIN | stretch or tear of tendon or muscle |
| STERNUM | bone that connects the ribs--commonly called the breastbone |
| SCAPULA | flat, triangle-shaped bone that makes up a human’s shoulder blade |
| MANDIBLES | the jaw in vertebrates that is hinged to open the mouth |
| CRANIUM | skull part that encloses the brain |
| PEROSTEUM | membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the articular surfaces of long bones |
| LONG BONES | classification of bones that supporting vertebrate and consisting of an essentially cylindrical shaft that contains bone marrow and ends in enlarged heads for articulation with other bones Ex: femur |
| SHORT BONES | classification of bones with dimensions that are mostly equal and lack medullary cavity. Ex: phalanges |
| IRREGULAR BONES | classification of bones that has a complex form. Ex: vertebrate |
| FLAT BONES | classification of bone that is usually thin and curved whose primary purpose is to protect organs and produce blood cells Ex: scapula |
| CERVICAL VERTEBRATE | region composed of neck bones |
| THORACIC VERTEBRATE | region of vertebrate the ribs are attached to |
| LUMBAR VERTEBRATE | region of vertebrate between rib cage and pelvis |
| SACRUM VERTEBRATE | triangular -shaped bone lying between the 5th lumbar vertebra and the coccyx (tailbone) |
| COCCYX VERTEBRATE | last portion of the vertebral column just below the sacrum--commonly called the tailbone |
| FEMUR | proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that extends from the hip to the knee-- also called thighbone |
| FIBULA | long bone in the lower leg that is adjacent to the tibia |
| TIBIA | shinbone---larger and stronger of the two bones below the knee |
| TARSELS | any of the seven bones that make up the ankle and adjoining part of the foot |
| OSTEOPOROSIS | THINNING OF THE BONES |
| OSTEO | AFFIX REFERRING TO BONES |
| OSSIFICATION | process of turning cartilage into bone |
| FRACTURE | BONE BREAK |
| OSTEOBLASTS | bone forming cell |
| PATELLA | thick flat triangular movable bone that forms the anterior point of the knee |
| BONE | rigid organ comprised of connective tissue that forms the skeletal system of organisms classified as vertebrates |
| SPONGY BONE TISSUE | characterized by its porous, honeycomb-like structure and is typically found at the ends of long bones |
| COMPACT BONE TISSUE | the hard, stiff, smooth, thin, white bone tissue that surrounds all bones in the human body |
| GLIDING JOINT | multiaxial because it permits many movements --found in ankles & vertebrates |
| PIVOT JOINT | allows only rotary movement around a single axis such as the connection between the radius and ulna |
| HINGE JOINT | found at the elbow, knee, and phalanges, allow bones to move in one direction back and forth, |
| BALL & SOCKET JOINT | a joint in which the rounded surface of a bone moves within a depression on another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement than any other kind of joint |
| osteocyte | bone cell |
| TISSUES | group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit |
| ORGANIZATION | hierarchy of complex biological systems and structures |
| CELL | the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body |
| CYTE | affix meaning "cell" |
| TISSUES | Groups of cells with similar structure and function |
| ORGANS | Any structure that has definite anatomical boundaries, is visually distinguishable from adjacent organs and is composed of two or more types of tissue working together to carry out a particular function |
| ORGAN SYSTEMS | A group of organs that carries out a basic function of the organism |
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE | Protections, absorption, filtration, secretion |
| connective tissue | Binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection |
| nervous tissue | groups of organized cells in the nervous system, which is the organ system that controls the body’s movements, sends and carries signals to and from the different parts of the body, and has a role in controlling bodily functions such as digestion. |
| muscle tissue | Function is to produce movement / Three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| SKELETAL MUSCLES | striated or striped or voluntary muscles that function for movement |
| CARDIAC MUSCLES | an involuntary, striated muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the wall of the heart |
| SMOOTH MUSCLES | an involuntary, non-striated muscle,contracts without any voluntary control |
| EPI | affix meaning "OUTER" |
| MYO | affix meaning "MIDDLE" |
| ENDO | affix meaning "INNER" |
| STRIATIONS | any of the alternating light and dark crossbands that are visible in certain muscle fibers |
| MULTI | affix meaning "MORE THAN ONE" |
| UNI | affix meaning "ONE" |
| INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE | the muscles that contract or move without conscious control |
| VOLUNTARY MUSCLE | skeletal muscles that contract and relax under conscious control |
| NITROGEN CYCLE | the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere |
| RESPIRATION | the process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain |
| HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE | the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back |
| EVAPORATION | The process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas |
| CONDENSATION | the process by which molecules of water vapor in the air become liquid water |
| PRECIPITATION | the falling to earth of any form of water (rain, snow. hail, sleet or mist) |
| TRANSPIRATION | the falling to earth of any form of water (rain, snow. hail, sleet or mist) |
| NODULES | Small lumps on the roots of plants. Bacteria live here and can fix the nitrogen gas from the air. |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS | The process through which plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen to make their food(glucose). |
| OXYGEN | Released by plants during photosynthesis and used by animals in respiration. |
| CARBON DIOXIDE | A waste product of animals during cellular respiration and needed by plants for photosynthesis. |
| RUN-OFF | precipitation that moves across the lands surface and flows into rivers, lakes and streams |
| MICROCLIMATE | When a large tree falls in the forest, it changes the environmental conditions in that small area. These changes are different from the rest of the forest and creates a |
| CLIMAX COMMUNITY | remain relatively stable until the next disturbance, and contain a predictable assemblage of living things |
| TIME | Ecological succession is a process of change that occurs over _______________ to organisms in an ecological community |
| COMMUNITY | Many populations living together is called a |
| POPULATION | A group of the same species living in the same place at the same time is called a |
| ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION | the process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area changes over time. |
| LICHEN | What is the pioneer species for primary succession? |
| SECONDARY SUCCESSION | Which type of succession occurs after a forest fire? |
| TSUNAMI | a huge, fast-moving wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption |
| NITROGEN FIXATION | When nitrogen gas is converted to nitrate. |
| DENITRIFICATION | When nitrates are converted back to nitrogen gas by anaerobic bacteria. |
| ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION | natural, gradual and orderly change in an environment. It is the gradual replacement of one plant community by another through natural processes over time. |
| COMPOST | a common fertilzer made from leaves, grass, and peelings |
| PIONEER SPECIES | typically the first to colonize a new habitat in a barren ecosystem |
| FLORA | the plants occurring within a given region (HINT: GREEN FAIRY IN DISNEY PRINCESS MOVIE) |
| FAUNA | the animal life occurring within a given region (HINT: PINK/RED FAIRY IN DISNEY PRINCESS MOVIE) |
| Abiotic | Non-living parts of an ecosystem |
| Biotic | Living parts of an ecosystem |
| Food chain | Pathway which energy follows from producer to consumer |
| Producer | Organism that is capable of making its own food |
| Consumer | Organism that relies on producers as a food source |
| Predator | One that captures, kills, and consumes another |
| Prey | One that us captured, killed and consumed by another |
| Carrying capacity | Number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support |
| Ecosystem | All the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment |
| Ecology | Study of organisms and their environment |
| Biosphere | Area on and around earth where life exists |
| Community | All the populations in an area |
| Population | All the members of a species in an area |
| Species | Group of organisms capable of producing fertile offspring in the natural environment |
| Habitat | Physical area where an organism lives |
| Niche | The way of life of a species, the role the species plays in its ecosystem |
| diversity | a variety of organisms |
| consumer | animals that eat other animals as food |
| producer | organisms that can make their own food (like plants) |
| carnivore | organisms that get energy from meat (lions, tigers) |
| herbivore | organisms that get energy from plants only (sheep, cows) |
| omnivore | organsims that get energy from both plants and animals (humans) |
| scavenger | organism that gets nutrients from dead animals (vulture) |
| mutualism | both organisms benefit from their association |
| commensalism | one organism benefits, the other is not affected |
| parasitism | one organism benefits, the other is harmed |
| ecosystem | all of the organisms and the non-living environment found in a place |
| pyramid of biomass | organic material in an ecosystem |
| pyramid of energy | amount of energy that can be transferred to the next level |
| competition | two or more organisms want (and fight for) the same resource (like water) |
| abiotic factor | non living parts of the ecosystem |
| carrying capacity | number of individuals of a species the ecosystem can support |
| population density | number of a species in a specific area |
| producer | another term for autotroph |
| host | organism that is harmed in a parasitic relationship |
| symbiosis | close, long term relationship between two different types of organisms |
| scavenger | animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators |
| detritivore | organisms which feed on dead or decaying organic matter |
| bio | affix meaning life |
| a | affix meaning not/non/one |
| troph | affix meaning nourishment, nutrient material, or the acquisition of nourishment |
| an | affix meaning not/non/one |
| vore | affix meaning one that consumes |
| eco | affix meaning refers to environment |
| biosis | affix meaning mode of life |
| sym | affix meaning with or together |
| keystone species | a specific organism that is a major contributor to its ecosystem |
| carrion | decaying flesh |
| caro | affix meaning "meat" |
| chromosomes | genes are found on these structures |
| gene | a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| alleles | different forms of the same gene (ex: T or t) |
| homozygous | containing two alleles that are the same (ex: tt or TT) |
| heterozygous | containing two alleles that are different (ex: Tt) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: Tt) |
| phenotype | the physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype (ex: tall) |
| dominant | a trait that masks another; represented by a capital letter |
| recessive | a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous form |
| allele | a varying form of a gene |
| purebred | another term for homozygous where alleles are the same |
| Mendel | the father of genetics ( studied pea plants) |
| hybrid | another term for heterozygous where the alleles are different |
| heterozygous | Bb |
| heterozygous | one uppercase letter & one lowercase letter |
| Punnett square | used to predict probable outcomes of crosses |
| homozygous dominant | two capital letters |
| chromosomes | coils of DNA which contain genetic information |
| homozygous recessive | bb |
| homozygous recessive | two lowercase letters |
| gene | a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| genotype of a female | XX |
| karyotype | a chart showing all of an organism's chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs |
| homozygous dominant | BB |
| homozygous dominant | TT |
| heterozygous | Tt |
| homozygous recessive | tt |
| genotype of a male | XY |
| carrier | used with heterozygous/hybrid female in sex linked traits |
| incomplete dominance | occurs when two alleles contribute to the phenotype;traits blend |
| codominance | both traits are expressed at the same time |
| incomplete dominance | BB' |
| co-domianance | BW |
| complete dominance | Bb |
| x linked sex linked trait | A trait that is determined by the allele on X chromosome |
| y linked sex linked trait | A trait determined by the allele on Y chromosome is said to be Y-linked. |
| x linked sex linked (male) | X^C y |
| Punnett square | used to predict probable outcomes of crosses |
| genome | complete set of genes in an organism |
