| A | B |
|---|
| An ______ uses your senses an _______ extends your senses, an _________ or a prediction is a conclusion based on observations | Observation, Instrument, Inference |
| Grouping by observable properties | Classification |
| Direct Relationship | As x-axis increases y-axis increases / |
| Static relationship | as x-axis increases, y-axis stays the same ----- |
| Indirect Relationship | as x-axis increases, y-axis decreases |
| cyclic relationships (most changes in the environment are cyclic) | dynamic equilibrium- contains a cycle of increasing and decreasing keeping balance |
| Percent error (see cover of ref tables) | Percent Error= (difference /correct value) x 100 |
| Accepted or Real Value | The correct answer |
| The measured value | A guess |
| The same substance always has the same ______ at the same temmp, no matter how many pieces you break it into | Density |
| As pressure increases Density _____ | Increases |
| As temperature increases Density ______ | decreases |
| volume of a regular object | Length x width x height |
| How can you find the volume of an irregular object | use displacement of water |
| Water is weird because it ______ when it freezes | expands |
| Water is most dense at 4 degrees C when it is a ________ | liquid |
| Anything with a density >1 will _____ in water | sink |
| The true shape of earth is a/an ______ | oblate spheroid (slightly flattened at the poles and slightly wider at the equator) |
| The best model o f the Earth is a _____ | billiard or ping pong ball - a perfectly smooth sphere |
| Evidence that Earth is round- | photographs from space, sinking ship observation, earth's shadow on moon, stars shift to the horizon as you move N or S, |
| latitude lines measure distances North or South of the ______ | equator |
| Latitude is expressed as 0 degrees - 0 degrees ____ or _____ | North or south |
| The altitude of Polaris (North Star) equals your _____ in the northern hemisphere | latitude |
| Longitude lines (meridians) measure distances _____ or _____ | east or west |
| Longitude is expressed as 0 degrees -180 degrees east or west of the ________ | prime meridian (0°) |
| Longitude is based on observations of the _____ | sun (position and time) |
| The Earth rotates on its axis from ___ to ____ | east to west (one full rotation 360°=24 hours) |
| each 15° of longitude = how much time? | 1 hour |
| As you go East (of prime meridian) time will | increase |
| As you go West time will get | less |
| Isolines never ____ and must either connect back to itself or run off the map | cross |
| The closer the isolines the _____ the slope | steeper |
| Contour lines point in the ______ direction of the stream flowing across them. | opposite (V's point upstream) |
| The _______elevation on a contour map is higher than the highest contour line but less than the height of what the next line would be | maximum |
| gradient = | change in field value /distance |
| Most sedimentary rocks have flat layers and are most likely to have ______ than the other types of rocks | fossils |
| Sedimentary rocks only form here | under water |
| Igneous Rock that cools fast and may be glassy or vesicular | extrusive (ex:obsidian or pumice) |
| Igneous Rock that cools slow large crystals | intrusive (ex granite) |
| Banded rock with distorted structure re-crystallization | Metamorphic |
| Contact Metamorphism is caused by a/an_____ | igneous intrusion |
| Mineral properties depend on internal arrangement of ______ | atoms |
| Where can you find mineral properties (color streak hardness luster etc) | back of the ref tables |
| Calcite fizzes when exposed to _____ | acid |
| Rocks made of calcite (they can fizz with acid) | marble limestone dolostone |
| Name the three basic types of plate boundaries | divergent, convergent, transform (pg 5 ref tables) |
| Evidence of plate tectonic theory: | 1. fit of continents 2. rock and fossil correlation 3. alignment of the north pole with the magnetism of different ages of rock |
| Where do Earthquakes, and volcanoes usually occur? | along crystal plate boundaries |
| Where is new crust created and sea floor spreading? | mid-ocean ridge |
| Evidence of sea floor spreading | 1. reversal of magnetic polarity 2. the farther from the mid ocean ridge the older the rock (basalt) |
| Convection - movement due to | differences in densities (works best in liquids and gas) |
| ________ ______ in the mantle move plates | convection currents |
| Ridges create crust is an example of an area of _____ | divergence |
| Trenches destroy crust at ______ zones | subduction zones |
| Uplift causes_____ | mountains |
| Hot Spots are NOT found at ______ ______ | plate boundaries |
| Ocean crust is _____ and made of basalt | thin (ref tables pg 10) |
| Continental crust is ____ and made of granite | thick (ref tables pg 10) |
| Mountains form uplift by ____ and ____ | folding and faulting |
| ___ waves are faster than ___ waves | P waves faster than S |
| S waves can only pass through | Solids (S=slower S=solids) |
| You need at least ___ seismic stations to plot an earthquake | 3 |
| The underground position of the earthquake is called the | focus |
| Scientists infer earth's properties from | seismic data and meteorites |
| A shadow zone is caused by | s waves not passing through (since they can't move through liquid) and p waves being bent as they move through earth |
| The amount of empty space (does not depend on particle size) | Porosity (remember if you have the same shape and sorting the porosity is the same) |
| The ability of liquid to pass through | Permeability |
| As particle size increases, permeability ____ | increases |
| The movement of liquid upward, against gravity) | Capillarity |
| As particle size increases capillarity ____ | decreases (small particles can move water upward more than large can) |
| When water evaporates from the leaves of plants | transpiration (t for trees) |
| Breaking down of rocks | weathering |
| Movement and deposition of rocks | erosion |
| Physical weathering occurs more in which kind of climate? | cold humid -frost wedging |
| Chemical weathering occurs more in which climate | Warm humid climates |
| When a rock is broken in to smaller pieces what happens to surface area and weathering? | Both increase |
| What is the force behind all erosion? | gravity |
| Stream velocity depends on what two things | slope and discharge |
| Stream velocity is fastest on the _____ edge (meander bend / curve) and causes erosion, slower at the _____ edge and has deposition occuring | outside edge , inside edge |
| If a stream is straight it is faster at | center near the surface |
| what effects deposition | size density and shape of particles |
| Which particles settle out first | heavy round and dense (pg 6 ref tables) |
| _____ sorting occurs as the stream slows down and deposits sediments | horizontal sorting |
| Graded bedding (vertical sorting) occurs in ____ water as a stream enters a deep lake | quiet water ( biggest, densest and roundest sediments are at the bottom, like a settling tube) |
| Water and wind deposited sediments are | sorted |
| Gravity and Glacier deposited sediments are | unsorted |
| Stream deposits are _____ (round and smooth and form V-shaped valleys) | sorted |
| Glacial sediments are unsorted with scratches and _____ shaped valleys | U shaped |
| Arid (dry) landscape have ____ slopes with ____ angles | steep slope sharp angles |
| The Catskills are a dissected plateau not ____ | not mountains |
| Stream drainage patterns are dependent on ______ | bedrock structure |
| What dates old rocks? | uranium 235 |
| What dates recent living objects | carbon 14 |
| Can the half life of a radioactive element be changed? | NO |
| Sedimentary Rock form in layers non horizontal layers show evidence of ______ | crystal movement |
| Undisturbed rock layers bottom layer is the ____ | oldest |
| Unconformity means | erosion (time gap in layers) |
| Intrusion and Faults are ______ than the rock they are in | younger (the had to come after the rock was formed) |
| ______ fossils are good time markers | index fossils |
| Marine fossils on a mountain top indicate ____ | uplifted land |
| Infrared has _____ wavelength while visible light has _____ wavelength (more intense) | Long Short |
| CO2 and Water Vapor _____ infrared radiation | absorb |
| Energy moves from source to sink- which means ____ to ____ concentration | high to low ex diffusion temp, or wind high to low pressure |
| Potential energy is ____ energy | stored |
| Energy of motion is called ____ energy | kinetic |
| Which surfaces are the best absorbents of radiation? | black (dark) and rough ex asphalt driveway or a dense forest |
| Good absorbents of radiation are good ______ | radiators |
| Land heats up faster than water and cools faster than water because water has a higher _____ heat | specific heat (see front of ref tables) |
| Water bodies moderate temperature if you live near water bodies the temperature range is _____ | smaller or more stable |
| When liquid water changes to water vapor ADD HEAT | boiling |
| When water vapor changes to liquid water REMOVE HEAT | condensation |
| Conduction works best in _____ | solids (molecule to molecule) burn hand by touching hot stove |
| Convection movement due | differences in densities (works best in liquids and gas) |
| There is no _____ change at a phase change | temperature change (level off on the graph) |
| As temp increases air pressure | decreases |
| As moisture increases air pressure | decreases |
| As altitude increases, air pressure | decreases |
| Warm air RISES COOLS (condenses)> | EXPANDS > FALLS |
| Orographic Effect | As air rises over mountains, it cools and water vapor condenses (windward) As a result, it is common for rain to be concentrated on the windward side of mountains, and for rainfall to increase with elevation in the direction of storm tracks. |
| Leeward side is always | warm and dry (arid) |
| Hottest part of the year is end of which month? | JULY |
| Hottest part of the day is after | 1:00 pm |
| Wind is due to differences in _______ ______ | air pressure |
| Wind blows from _____ to _____ pressure | high to low pressure |
| Is wind named from the direction it is coming from or going to? | coming from |
| High Pressure =? weather | Dry and happy- dry & cool temps ** winds blow CLOCKWISE |
| Low Pressure=? weather | Lousy - warm and wet (rainstorms) Wind blows COUNTER-CLOCKWISE |
| The closer the air temp is to the dew-point the | GREATER chance of precipitation |
| Which way does weather move across the US? | from West to East |
| Know what the air masses mean ex MP | example Mp -Maritime polar (cold ocean) vs cT Continental tropical (warm land) |
| Which fronts move the fastest cold or warm? | cold fronts move fastest |
| If a station model has 100% cloud cover there is a good chance of ? | Rain |
| What type of pressure system will form with a mid-latitude cyclone? | low pressure counter clockwise (causes high winds and rainstorms) |
| The universe began with this explosion | Big Bang |
| Where is our solar system located? | outer arms of Milky Way Galaxy |
| All celestial objects appear to rise in the ____ and move ____ | east to west |
| An object moving away from us will shift the light waves to the longer wavelength which is known as | red shift (proof of expansion) |
| Objects coming towards us causes light waves to shift to shorter wavelengths this is known as | blue shift |
| Model that put Earth at the center with sun and planets revolving around it | Geocentric Model (old model) |
| Model that we use today sun being the center with planets orbiting it | Heliocentric Model |
| Coriolis effect | deflects things to the right in northern hemisphere |
| Moon orbits earth in 27 1/3 days but we see a full moon every ? days | 29 1/2 days |
| Name the moon phases starting with new moon | New>waxing crescent>first quarter>waxing gibbous> Full MOON -Then everything goes the opposite way waning until New moon |
| Moon Lit on Left its L_____ | leaving or waning |
| Why does the moon have phases? | because the moon revolves around the Earth (remember we only see one side only half the moon can be lit) |
| Planets appear to move backwards as earth passes them in space, this is known as? | retrograde (a car pulling out of a parking space as one is pulling in) |
| The closer a planet is the bigger it looks and the faster it appears to move. | perihelion Is when a planet is at its closest point in orbit |
| The seasons are due to the ___ | tilt of Earth's axis 25 1/2° in relation to the sun |
| Summer solstice | June 21st Sun shifts to rise North of East and sets North of West in NYS longest day of the year Sun highest in sky noon |
| Winter solstice | Dec 21st NYS- Sun rises South of East and sets South of West/Shortest day of the year, sun lowest in the sky at noon than any other day |
| Equinoxes | March 21 Sept 23 (21st is acceptable on regents) The sun rises due East and sets due West and has 12 hours of daylight |
| Equator always has ___ Hours of daylight | 12 |
| The lower the altitude of the sun the _______ the shadwo | LONGER (long shadows at sunrise and sunset especially in the winter when sun is lower in the sky as it is) |
| Aphelion | A-away (the point in orbit farthest from the sun) |
| Perihelion | The point on an orbit closest to the sun |
| Eccentricity= | distance between foci/ length of major axis |
| If an orbit is a perfect circle is __________ eccentric | LEAST eccentric and eccntricity is close to 0 zero (looks like a circle) |
| If an orbit is very eccentric it looks like a horizontal line an has an eccentricity close to _______ | 1.0 (least like a circle) |
| The closer the foci are to each other the closer the orbit is to a ______ | perfect circle |
| When is the earth closest to the sun | January (perihelion orbit is faster) |
| When is the earth farthest from the sun | July (aphelion orbit is slower) |
| Earth revolves _____ around the sun | counter clockwise (every 365 1/4 days) |
| Vertical rays directly overhead can only happen at which latitudes? | between 23 1/2 ° N (tropic of Cancer) during our summer, Equator 0 ° during equinox, and 23 1/2 ° South (tropic of capricorn) during our winter |
| _______ ______ act as time markers to correlate rock strata | Index Fossils |
| Why would a horseshoe crab who has been around for 445 million years make a poor index fossil? | Horseshoe crabs are so well designed they have not had to change over 445 million years and appear in the rock layers of all different time periods |
