| A | B |
|---|
| Substance | A form of matter that has characteristic chemical properties |
| Atom | The smallest stable unit of all matter (physical material), which is comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Element | A pure substance that is composed of a unique type of atom |
| Molecule | A group of atoms that form a unit with specific chemical properties. The atoms may be the same or they may be different |
| Compound | A substance that contains two or more atoms from different types of elements held together by chemical bonds |
| Hydrophilic | Having the tendency to be attracted to water |
| Hydrophobic | Having the tendency to repel water |
| Cohesive | A property in which the molecules of a substance are attracted to its own molecules |
| Adhesive | A property in which the molecules of a substance are attracted to other similar substances |
| Carbohydrate | A molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which there are twice as any hudrogen atoms as oxygen atoms |
| Lipid | A hydrophobic macromolecule that readily dissolves in nonpolar environments |
| Protein | A complex polypeptide that plays a role in the chemistry of an organism |
| Nucleic acids | The molecules involved in the making of proteins and the passage of traits from one generation to another |
| Replication | The process by which DNA is copied to produce two duplicate double helixes |
| Transcription | The process by which DNA is used to produce messenger RNA |
| Translation | The process by which the information on mRNA is converted into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a protein |
| Gene | A sequence of nucleotide bases on DNA that codes for a macromolecule (such as a protein or RNA) |
| Heat capacity | The amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance |
| Dehydration reaction | A reaction in which water is removed when two monomers join together |
| Monosaccharide | a simple sugar made up of one individual molecule |
| Disaccharide | A molecule formed from two monosaccharides |
| Hydrolysis reaction | A reaction in which water is added to a molecule to break it down into smaller units |
| Saturated fat | A fat that has no double bonds which makes it solid at room temperature and less heart healthy |
| Unsaturated fat | A fat that has double bonds which makes it liquid at room temperature and healthier for the heart |
| Trans fat | A fat that has double-bonds plus extra hydrogens to make it solid at room temperature and less heart healthy |
| Phospholipid | A lipid molecule made from glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group |
| Amino acid | The molecule that is the monomer for proteins |
| Codon | A three-base sequence on the mRNA strand |
| Peptide bond | A bond between a carbon atom of one amino acid and a nitrogen atom of a second amino acid |
| Ionic bond | A bond between two oppositely-charged ions |
| Covalent bond | A bond between two atoms in which electrons are shared |
| Proton | The positively charged sub atomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron | The negatively charged subatomic particle found in orbits around the nucleus of an atom |
| Neutron | A subatomic particle with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Ion | An atom with a negative or positive charge |
| Polarity | A property in which slight negative and slight positive charges exist within a molecule like water |
| Primary structure of a protein | The level of protein structure that involves the sequence of amino acids that have linked together |
| Secondary structure of a protein | The level of protein structure in which amino acids twist into helixes and sheets |
| Tertiary structure of a protein | The level of protein structure in which R-groups interact with each other across the twists and turns |
| Quaternary structure of a protein | The level of protein structure in which two or more protein structures link together |
| The nitrogenous base that hydrogen bonds to adenine in the DNA molecule | thymine |
| The nitrogenous base that hydrogen bonds to cytosine in the DNA and RNA molecules | guanine |
| The nitrogenous base that hydrogen bonds to adenine in the RNA molecule | uracil |
