| A | B |
|---|
| interphase | all phases of the cell cycle that do not include mitosis |
| mitosis | the process by which a eukaryotic cell replicates into two identical daughter cells |
| apoptosis | the death if a cell that occurs as a normal, controlled event in an organism |
| budding | the formation of a new organism as an outgrowth of an existing organism |
| cytokinesis | a division of the cytoplasm, which results in two cells where there was only one before |
| chromosome | an organized package of DNA that is formed during cell division |
| karyokinesis | the process by which genetic material is divided between two cells |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that carry the same genes, but one comes from one parent while the others comes from the other parent |
| gamete | a mature haploid cell used in sexual reproduction |
| zygote | a diploid cell that results from the unin of two gametes |
| hermaphrodite | an organism capable of producing male and female gametes |
| artificial intelligence | the development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages |
| G1 phase | the cell cycle phase where most of the life activities of a cell occur |
| G2 phase | the cell cycle phase where the cell grows and produces many proteins to prepare for cell division |
| S phase | the cell cycle phase where synthesis of DNA occurs to make a complete copy of the genome |
| G1 checkpoint | the checkpoint during interphase where things are inspected before entering the S phase |
| G2 checkpoint | the checkpoint during interphase where things are inspected before entering mitosis |
| M checkpoint | the checkpoint that occurs during metaphase |
| sister chromatids | a duplicated chromosome that takes the "X" shape and is composed of two identical chromosomes |
| diploid | containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. |
| haploid | having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. |
| spindle fiber apparatus | microtubule structures that serve as a pathway along which sister chromatids will travel once they are pulled apart |
| histones | proteins around which DNA strands wrap to improve orderliness |
| centromere | the apparatus that connects two sister chromatids |
| kinetochore | the place on each chromosome where a spindle fiber attaches during metaphase |
| contractile ring | microfilaments made of actin and myosin that creates a cleavage furrow and subsequently pinches one cell into two during mitosis |
| synapsis | the process that occurs during prophase I in which homologs get very close to one another |
| crossing-over | the process during prophase I in which homologous chromosomes exchange sections of DNA |
| acrosomal cap | the part of a sperm cell that contains enzymes for tunneling and a protein for binding to a receptor |
| polar body | the cells during oogenesis that receive very little cytoplasm |
| oocyte | the technical name for an egg |
