| A | B |
|---|
| Louisiana Purchase | the purchase of Louisiana from France for $15 million, which roughly doubled the size of the United States |
| Meriwether Lewis | a former army captain chosen by Jefferson to lead an expedition to explore the lands of the Louisiana Purchase |
| William Clark | co-leader of the western expedition |
| Sacagawea | Shoshone who helped the expedition by naming plants and gathering edible fruits and vegetables for the group |
| Andrew Jackson | the commander of the Tennessee militia who led an attack on the Creek nation in Alabama |
| Battle of New Orleans | the last major conflict of the War of 1812, which made Andrew Jackson a hero |
| Treaty of Ghent | the pact that ended the War of 1812 |
| Adams-Onís Treaty | an agreement that settled all border disputes between the United States and Spain |
| nationalism | a sense of pride and devotion to a nation |
| Monroe Doctrine | a statement of American policy warning European nations not to interfere with the Americas |
| Jacksonian Democracy | the democratic expansion that occurred because of Andrew Jackson’s influence |
| Democratic Party | a party formed by Jackson supporters |
| spoils system | the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs |
| states’ rights doctrine | the belief that state power should be greater than federal power |
| nullification crisis | the dispute over whether states had the right to nullify, or disobey, any federal law with which they disagreed |
| Indian Removal Act | the act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River |
| Indian Territory | the new homeland for Native Americans, which contained most of present-day Oklahoma |
| Trail of Tears | an 800-mile forced march westward in which one-fourth of the 18,000 Cherokee died |
| mountain men | fur traders and trappers who traveled to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest in the early 1800s |
| Oregon Trail | the main route from the Mississippi River to the West Coast in the early 1800s |
| Santa Fe Trail | the route from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico |
| Mormons | members of a religious group, formally known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who moved west during the 1830s and 1840s |
| Pony Express | mail delivery system in which messengers transported mail on horseback across the country |
| transcontinental railroad | railroad across United States, connecting East and West |
| standard time | system developed by railroad companies dividing the United States into four time zones |
| Alamo | an old mission in San Antonio occupied by Texan revolutionary forces in 1836 |
| manifest destiny | belief that America’s fate was to conquer land all the way to the Pacific Ocean |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | 1848 peace treaty between Mexico and the United States |
| Gadsden Purchase | purchase from Mexico of the southern parts of present-day New Mexico and Arizona in 1853 |
| forty-niners | gold-seeking migrants who traveled to California in 1849 |
