| A | B |
|---|
| upper respiratory tract | nose, pharynx, larynx |
| lower respiratory tract | trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| functions of the nose | air is filtered, warmed, and humidified |
| nostrils | openings in nose through which air enters |
| nasal cavity | portion of nose that warms and humidifies air, and provides sense of smell |
| sinuses | open spaces around nasal cavity that produce mucus and lighten the skull |
| lacrimal sacs | collect tears from lacrimal glands; drain into nasal cavity |
| conchae | mucus-covered structured that protrude into nasal cavity, helping to humidify air |
| pharynx | passageway for air and food |
| nasopharynx | area of pharynx behind nasal cavity |
| oropharynx | area of pharynx behind mouth |
| laryngopharynx | area of pharynx behind larynx |
| larynx | "voicebox" - produces sound |
| vocal cords | 2 bands of tissue in the larynx which vibrate to produce sound |
| glottis | space between the vocal cords, opens into trachea |
| epiglottis | flap of cartilage that covers trachea during swallowing |
| trachea | "windpipe" that brings air to lungs |
| bronchi | left and right branches of the trachea |
| secondary bronchi | smaller tubes that branch off the bronchi |
| bronchioles | very small tubes that branch off secondary bronchi |
| alveoli | air sacs at the ends of secondary bronchi |
| function of alveoli | gas exchange |
| pleura | lining covering lungs and inner surface of thoracic cavity |
| respiratory mucosa | mucos membrane lining inside of respiratory tract |
| pulmonary ventilation | breathing - bringing air into lungs |
| external respiration | exchange of gases between lungs and bloodstream |
| internal respiration | exchange of gases between bloodstream and body cells |
| inspiration | inhaling |
| expiration | exhaling |
| inspiratory muscles | diaphragm and external intercostals |
| expiratory muscles | abdominal muscles and internal intercostals |
| spirometer | instrument used to measure volumes of air in ventilation |
| tidal volume | amount of air exchanged during a normal breath |
| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after normal breath |
| expiratory reserve volume | amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal breath |
| vital capacity | maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled |
| residual volume | amount of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration |
| total lung capacity | total amount of air that lungs can hold |
| ventilation | process of getting air into the lungs and getting it back out |
| pneumothorax | air in the pleural cavity which leads to a collapsed lung |
| compliance | the ease with which the lungs inflate |
| aspirate | to take in by means of suction |
