| A | B |
|---|
| Fort Sumter | federal post in Charleston, South Carolina, that surrendered to the Confederacy; marked the beginning of the Civil War |
| border states | four slave states—Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri—that bordered the North and did not join the Confederacy |
| Winfield Scott | Union general with a two-part strategy for defeating the Confederacy |
| cotton diplomacy | Confederate plan to enlist Britain’s aid in return for continued cotton shipments |
| Thomas Stonewall Jackson | Confederate general who helped fight Union troops at the First Battle of Bull Run |
| First Battle of Bull Run | battle near Manassas Junction, Virginia, in 1861 |
| George B McClellan | general sent by President Lincoln to capture Richmond |
| Robert E Lee | Confederate general during many important battles of the Civil War |
| Seven Days Battles | series of battles that forced McClellan to retreat from near Richmond |
| Second Battle of Bull Run | Confederate attack that helped push Union forces out of Virginia |
| Battle of Antietam | battle in Maryland that resulted in Lee’s retreat to Virginia |
| ironclads | ships that were heavily armored with iron |
| Ulysses S Grant | Union general whose troops won several important battles on southern soil and in the western campaign |
| Battle of Shiloh | battle in which Union troops gained greater control of the Mississippi River valley |
| David Farragut | naval leader who helped the Union take control of New Orleans |
| Siege of Vicksburg | six-week blockade of Vicksburg that starved the city into surrender |
| emancipation | the freeing of slaves |
| Emancipation Proclamation | order to free Confederate slaves contrabands escaped slaves |
| 54th Massachusetts Infantry | heroic unit of mostly free African American soldiers |
| Copperheads | nickname for the Peace Democrats, a group who spoke out against the war |
| habeas corpus | constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment |
| Clara Barton | army volunteer whose work was basis for the American Red Cross |
| Battle of Gettysburg | three-day key battle that Confederates lost |
| George Pickett | general who carried out Lee’s orders to charge the Union line |
| Pickett’s Charge | disastrous attempt by Pickett’s troops to storm Cemetery Ridge |
| Gettysburg Address | speech in which Lincoln praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the war |
| Wilderness Campaign | series of battles in which Grant tried to take Richmond |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | Union general who cut a path of destruction across Georgia |
| total war | strategy in which both civilian and military resources are destroyed |
| Appomattox Courthouse | the place where Lee surrendered to Grant |
| Anaconda Plan | North's plan to establish a naval blockade around the Southern coast, seizing control of the Mississippi River, and capture the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia |
