| A | B |
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| mercantilism | an economic theory that encourages a country to increase wealth by exporting more than it imports |
| triangle trade | a system of trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas |
| salutary neglect | a policy of the British government to not strictly enforce laws on the American colonies in the 18th century |
| Puritans | English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted to reform the Church of England |
| Quakers | Christian religious denomination that believe that everyone can experience God directly and that all people are spiritually equal and believe in pascifism |
| plantation system | a large-scale agricultural system that used enslaved labor to grow cash crops for sale |
| House of Burgesses | the first democratically elected legislative body in British North America (lower house of Virginia's General Assembly) |
| self-government | government of a country by its own people, especially after having been a colony |
| Anglican | relating to or denoting the Church of England |
| push factor | a condition that encourages people to leave a place or situation |
| pull factor | a positive reason that attracts people to a new place or activity |
| religious toleration | the acceptance of different religions and beliefs, and the understanding that they are all valid |
| voluntary migration | when people choose to move from one place to another |
| involuntary migration | when people are forced to leave their homes, often due to violence, persecution, or government pressure |
| indentured servitude | a labor contract where people worked without pay for a set amount of time |
| alliances | a union between people, groups, or nations that work together for a common purpose or mutual benefit |
| French & Indian War | a conflict that took place from 1754 to 1763 between Great Britain, France, and their Native American allies |
| Albany Plan | a proposal to create a unified government for the British North American colonies that was adopted in 1754, but was never put into action |
| Enlightenment | an intellectual movement in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries that caused people to question their governments and influenced many of America's founding documents |
| Common Sense | pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–1776 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the thirteen colonies |
| Boston Tea Party | a protest against British taxation and the East India Company's monopoly |
| Stamp Act Congress | a meeting of colonial delegates in 1765 to protest the Stamp Act and to establish a unified response to British taxation |
| Continental Congress | a governing body for the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution that met in Philadelphia in 1774 and 1775–81. |
| Declaration of Independence | a document that announced the separation of the 13 American colonies from Great Britain. It was adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 |
| Articles of Confederation | the first constitution of the United States, in effect from 1781 to 1789 |
| Shay's Rebellion | an armed uprising in western Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787 that showed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation |
| Montesquieu | Enlightenment thinker who believed in the separation of powers and influenced the Constitution |
| Locke | Enlightenment thinker who believed in natural rights and influenced the Declaration of Independence |
| Mayflower Compact | an agreement signed in 1620 by male passengers of a ship and it established the first governing document of Plymouth Colony |
| City on a Hill | The phraThis phrase is associated with John Winthrop, the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who used it in a sermon to describe the colony's goal to be a shining example of Christian society for the world, essentially acting as a beacon of morality that could be seen by all; this is often interpreted as a reference to the idea of "American exceptionalism." |
| Federalist Papers | This is a collection of 85 essays/articles that were written by supporters of the ratification of the Constitution in the fall of 1787 and spring of 1788. The intent of the essays was to sway public opinion. |
| Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments of the U.S. Constitution that established individual rights and liberties. |
| "No taxation without representation" | This was a political slogan that was a key grievance of American colonists during the American Revolution. |
| Constitutional Convention | a meeting of delegates in Philadelphia in 1787 that created the United States Constitutio |
| Connecticut Compromise | This is also known as the Great Compromise, and was an agreement made in 1787 to establish how states would be represented in the United States Congress. It created a bicameral legislature with representation in the House based on population and representation in the Seante equal for all states. |
| Northwest Ordinance | It established a government for th the current states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. It also outlined how new states would join the Union |
| Necessary & Proper Clause | Also known as the Elastic Clause, is a clause in the United States Constitution that gives Congress the power to pass laws that are needed to carry out other powers of the federal government. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | This was a violent protest by farmers and distillers in western Pennsylvania in 1794. It was a response to a new tax imposed by the federal government. |
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | These were political statements drafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, arguing that states had the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional and essentially "nullify" them if they exceeded the powers granted by the Constitution, effectively promoting the concept of states' rights and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. |
| Federalist Party | A political party in early America that advocated for a strong central government, a loose interpretation of the Constitution, and a focus on commerce and industry |
| Hamilton v. Jefferson | This refers to the major political disagreement between those who favored a strong central government and a robust national economy, and those who advocated for states' rights and an agrarian-based economy, essentially representing the foundational conflict between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties during the early American republic. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | A set of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress that significantly restricted immigration and criminalized criticism of the government, essentially limiting freedom of speech and press, primarily aimed at silencing the opposing Democratic-Republican party. |
| federalism | A system of government that divides power between a national government and state governments |
| Adam Smith | A prominent 18th-century Scottish economist and philosopher, most recognized for his book "The Wealth of Nations," which laid the foundation for classical economics by advocating for free market principles, the division of labor, and the concept of the "invisible hand," where individual self-interest can benefit the overall economy when allowed to operate freely in a competitive market. |
| popular sovereignty | The political principle that the people are the source of all government power and authority. |
| republicanism | This is a political philosophy that emphasizes citizen participation in government through elected representatives, prioritizing individual liberties and limited government power, a core principle behind the American Revolution and the founding of the United States, where citizens hold sovereignty and elect leaders to represent their interests. |
| First Great Awakening | This was a religious revival that swept through the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. It was a response to the Enlightenment, which challenged religion with science and reason |
| Democratic Republicans | A political party that favored states' rights, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and an agrarian-based economy, with leaders like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposing the stance on a strong central government. |
