| A | B |
|---|
| quadrupedalism | movement that involves using forelimbs to walk, climb, and swing |
| binocular vision | eye arrangement that allows for depth perception |
| prosimians | the group of primates that include the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers |
| anthropoids | the group of primates that include the monkeys, gibbons, apes, and humans |
| brachiation | movement accomplished by swinging arms from one hold to another |
| anthropology | the study of human culture and evolution |
| paleontology | the study of fossils |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the part of the nervous system that includes the sensory and motor nerves |
| sensory nerves | nerves that detect information about the environment, both outside and inside the person |
| motor nerves | nerves that carry signals from the CNS to muscles and organs throughout the body |
| neurons | cells that are involved with the sending and processing of electrical signals |
| glia | cells that that form insulation around nerves |
| synapses | the gaps between neurons |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that transmit information between neurons in the gaps |
| dendrites | the part of the neuron that receives electrical signals |
| cell body | the part of the neuron that contains the cell organelles |
| axon | the part of the neuron where the electrical signal leaves the neuron |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | the part of the PNS that maintains homeostasis |
| somatic nervous system (SNS) | the part of the PNS that controls the actions you think about as well as your reflexes |
| plasma | the liquid part of blood that contains albumin, immunoglobulins, and clotting factors |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| hemoglobin | the protein that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in red blood cells |
| anemia | the condition in which RBC or hemoblobin levels are low |
| platelets | cell fragments that help form blood clots |
| right atrium | the chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues |
| right ventricle | the chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
| left atrium | the chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs |
| left ventricle | the chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the tissues |
| mitral valve | the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle |
| tricuspid valve | the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle |
| arteries | the general term for blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| veins | the general term for blood vessels that carry blood to the heart |
| capillaries | blood vessels that are made of a single layer of epithelial tissue |
| electrocardiograph (ECG) | a diagnostic tool that helps diagnose problems with the heart |
| atheroscleosis | accumulation of plaque inside of blood vessels |
| heart attack | the emergency situation in which a blockage occurs in a coronary artery |
| stroke | the emergency situation in which a blockage occurs in a vessel in the brain |
| neutrophils | the first white blood cells to arrive at the site of an infection |
| macrophages | white blood cells that can leave the blood vessel and phagocytose pathogens |
| natural killer (NK) cells | lymphocytes that kill cells infected with viruses as well as cancerous cells |
| T-cells | lymphocytes that mature in the thymus, attack pathogens, and make memory cells |
| B-cells | lymphocytes that make antibodies and memory cells |
| tonsils | lymphoid organs in the back of the throat |
| mucus-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) | lymphoid tissue that lines the digestive track |
| thymus | lymphoid organ where T-cells are trained and regulated |
| spleen | lymphoid organ that monitors blood cells and destroys any that are unable to do its job |
| appendix | lymphoid organ that stores normal flora incase the intestines get infected by a pathogen |
| innate immunity | immunity that a person is born with: all the lymphoid organs, etc |
| aquired immunity | immunity that creates specific cells to attack specific pathogens after exposure to them |
| mechanical digestion | the physical breakdown of food particles into smaller pieces |
| chemical digestion | the breakdown of food particles by enzymes into smaller molecules, eventually becoming the simple macromolecules that can be absorbed into the blood |
| salivary glands | the glands in the mouth that secrete saliva and amylase |
| amylase | a type of enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates |
| lipase | a type of enzyme that breaks down lipids/fats |
| protease | a type of enzyme that breaks down proteins |
| bolus | the name given to the mass of broken-down food, saliva, and enzymes in esophagus |
| chyme | the name given to the mass of broken-down food, enzymes, and acid in the stomach |
| peristalsis | wavelike contractions in the esophagus that move food downward to the stomach |
| pancreas | the gland that secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine as well as hormones like insulin |
| bile | the substance made by the liver that digests lipids/fats |
| gallbladder | the sac that stores bile |
| larynx | the structure that houses the vocal cords |
| trachea | the tube that leads from the larynx to the lungs |
| alveoli | the sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs |
| diaphragm | the muscle under the lungs that assists in taking air in and letting air out of the lungs |
| renal system | the name given to the urinary system |
| nephron | the key functional unit of the kidney |
| menopause | the time period that marks the end of a female's ability to reproduce |
| Imago Dei | the term meaning made in the image of God |
| human exceptionalism | the term meaning that humans have profound differences than animals |
| hominid | a member of the family Hominidae, which includes the great apes and humans |
| hominin | a member of a sub-group of hominids that only includes those that are bipedal |
| bipedalism | movement that involves using the two rear limbs to walk |
