| A | B |
|---|
| Atrophy | Decrease in the size of cells leading to reduced tissue mass |
| Hypertrophy | Increase in the size of cells to an enlarged tissue mass |
| Hyperplasia | Increase in the number of cells leading to enlarged tissue mass |
| Metaplasia | replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type |
| Dysplasia | nge in the size, shape and reproduction of cells |
| Anaplasia | cells that are undifferentiated, have variable cell structures, and many miotic figures |
| Neoplasia | Means new cell growth and usually refers to cancer |
| Apoptosis | Active programmed cell death |
| Necrosis | Cell death due to irreversible damage |
| Ischemia | Decreased oxygen reaching cells, tissues, or organs |
| Causes of cell injury | Ischemia; thermal; mechanical or chemical damage; microorganisms; metabolites; fluid/electrolyte imbalances |
| Infarction | Area of dead cells |
| Stressor | any factor that causes significant change in body or environment |
| Physical Stressors Examples | Pain; exposure to heat/cold; accidents; medical procedures; infections; illness; exercise |
| Psychological Stressors Examples | Fear, ending relationships; anxiety; losing a loved one; financial concerns; job loss |
| Stress Response Stages | Alarm; resistance; exhaustion |
| Physical effects of stress | Increased blood pressure; increased heart rate; depression; increased breathing; high blood sugar; weak immune system; bronchodilation; low sex drive; infertility; GI distress; headaches; increased risk for heart disease |
| Effective coping with stress | Balanced diet; exercise; adequate rest; avoid caffeine; relaxation techniques; professional help; take meds as prescribed; stop smoking |
