| A | B |
|---|
| Nonspecific defenses | Response is the same to any invader or challenge |
| Specific defenses | Unique to specific pathogens based on antigen idetifications |
| Nonspecific defenses: 1st line | skin; mucus membranes; salvia; tears; stomach acid |
| Nonspecific defenses: 2nd line | Inflammation; phagocytosis; Interferon |
| Specific defenses: 3rd line | Specialized B cells and T lymphocytes |
| Antigens | Foreign substances that initiate an immune response |
| Antibodies | Proteins that are produced to bind to specific antigens and destroy them |
| Complement system | Group of inactive chemical mediators that when activated, stimulate the release of other chemical mediators |
| Chemical mediators | Kinins, histamine, prostaglandins, etc |
| IgG | Activates the complement system |
| IgM | First to increase immune response |
| IgA | Found in tears, salvia; mucus membranes and colostrum |
| IgE | Binds to mast cells; causes released of histamine when linked to ALLERGENS |
| Immunoglobulins (Ig) | Antibodies that are present in different fluids |
| Natural immunity | Species specific; animal infections don't typically impact humans |
| Innate immunity | Gene specific; related to ethnicity |
| Acquired immunity | acquisition of immunity after first exposre |
| Active immunity | Your own body is making antibodies |
| Passive immunity | We are giving/getting someone else's antibodies for protection |
| Natural active immunity | Pathogen enters body and causes illness; body makes antibodies: Ex: exposure to illness like chicken pox |
| Artificial active immunity | Vaccines are injected into an individual to form antibodies; Ex: vaccines |
| Natural passive immunity | Antibodies are passed from mother to child; Ex: breastfeeding |
| Artificial passive immunity | Antibodies are injected into an individual to provide protection; gamma globulins |
| Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction | AKA: Allergic: IgE binds to mast cells and releases histamine and chemical mediators; Ex: food allergies |
| Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction | AKA Cytotoxic: IgG or IgM reacts with the antigen on the cell and activates the complement system; Ex: incompatible blood transfusion |
| Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction | AKA Immune Complex: Antigen-antibody complex deposits in tissue and activates complement system; Ex: autoimmune disorders |
| Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction | AKA Cell-mediated or Delayed: Antigen binds to T lymphocyte and sensitized lymphocytes release lymphokines; Ex: TB test, contact dermatitis |
| Anaphylaxis | A severe, systemic allergic reaction caused by the body’s immune response to an allergen |
| Anaphylaxis Manifestations | swelling of the face, tongue, throat, or airway. Swelling and constriction of the throat and airway can lead to wheezing and difficulty breathing. Other symptoms of anaphylaxis include hives, flushed skin, nausea, and dizziness. |
| Immunodeficiency | Immune system underreacts; increased risk for infections |
| Primary Immunodeficiency | caused by a failure in the immune system, or loss of one or more immune system components (stem cells from bone marrow, thymus) |
| Secondary Immunodeficency | occur with pregnancy, stress, medical treatments, viral infections (HIV) |
| Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | a virus that attacks T Cells (immune cells) |
| HIV transmission | Unprotected sex; use of non sterile syringes or tools; pregnancy/breastfeeding; blood transfusions; organ transplant |
| HIV Treatment starts when.. | Severe symptoms present CD4 count below 500 Pregnancy HIV-related kidney disease When a client is treated for Hepatitis B |
