| A | B |
|---|
| Intracellular fluid | Fluid within the cells of the body |
| Extracellular fluid | Fluid outside of the cell |
| Hydrostatic pressure | "pushing" force of fluid; pushes fluid from one compartment to the other; driven by blood pressure |
| Osmotic pressure | "pulling" force of fluid; fluid is pulled from an area of higher concentration to low; driven by plasma proteins such as albumin |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Promotes reabsorption of water: retain more fluid in the body |
| Aldosterone | signals kidneys for reabsorption of sodium and water |
| Causes of hypovolemia | Blood loss; dehydration; anemia; GI bleed; medications; burns; vomiting; diarrhea |
| Manifestations of hypovolemia | Dizziness; lightheadedness; low blood pressure, high heart rate; weak thready pulses; syncope; weight loss; oliguria; HYPERNATREMIA |
| Causes of hypervolemia | Heart failure; liver failure; renal failure |
| Manifestations of hypervolemia | Edema; weight gain; short of breath; increased respiratory rate; increased blood pressure; increased heart rate; bounding pulses; oliguria; HYPONATREMIA |
| Hypovolemia | Loss of fluid volume |
| Hypervolemia | Increased fluid volume |
| Dehydration | a state in which the body does not have enough water. |
| Dehydration causes | Loss of fluid from skin, GI or kidneys; decreased intake; fluid moves to extracellular; diarrhea; medications; increased metabolic rate |
| Dehydration Signs and Symptoms | Thirst; dry mucus membranes; dark urine; headache; muscle cramps; dizziness, rapid heartbeat; weak pulses; fainting; rapid breathing; sunken eyes |
| Edema | accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces |
| Edema causes | Increased capillary permeability (allergies); INCREASED HYDROSTATIC pressure; DECREASED OSMOTIC pressure; lymph node dysfunction (lymphedema) |
| Ascites | edema in the abdomen caused by liver failure. |
| Pulmonary edema | Edema inside the lung |
| Edema signs and symptoms | weight gain; bounding pulses; pitting; high blood pressure |
| Risk factors for edema | Age (older); environment; diet |
| Electrolytes | Minerals within the body that have a positive or negative charge when dissolved in water |
| Hyponatremia | Low serum sodium levels |
| Hypernatremia | High serum sodium levels |
| Hyponatremia causes | Sweating; vomiting; diarrhea; medication; hormone imbalances; hypervolemia |
| Hyponatremia signs/symptoms | Anorexia; nausea; cramps; fatigue; lethargy; muscle weakness; headache; confusion; SEIZURES; hypotension |
| Hypernatremia causes | Excessive intake; hypovolemia |
| Hypernatremia signs/symptoms | Thirst; dry tongue and mucus membranes; weakness; lethargy; agitation; edema; elevated blood pressure |
| Hypocalcemia | Low serum calcium levels |
| Hypercalcemia | High serum calcium levels |
| Hypocalcemia causes | hypoparathyroidism; malabsorption; low albumin; RENAL FAILURE |
| Hypocalcemia signs/symptoms | Tetany; positive chvostek; positive trousseau; tingling fingers; irritability; confusion; cardiac arrhythmias |
| Hypercalcemia causes | Neoplasms; hyperparathyroidism; immobility; excessive intake (dairy); excessive intake of antacids |
| Hypercalcemia signs/symptoms | Apathy; lethargy; anorexia; constipation; polyuria; thirst; KIDNEY STONES; cardiac arrhythmias |
| Hypomagnesemia | Low serum magnesium levels |
| Hypermagnesemia | High serum magnesium levels |
| Causes of Hypomagnesemia | Diuretics; diabetic ketoacidosis; hypoparathyroidism; malnourishment; alcohol use disorder |
| Signs/symptoms of Hypomagnesemia | Neuromuscular hyperirritability; tremors; chorea; insomnia; increased heart rate; personality changes |
| Causes of Hypermagnesemia | Renal failures; diabetes mellitus; addison's disease; excessive intake |
| Signs/symptoms of Hypermagnesemia | Depressed neuromuscular function; decreased reflexes; decreased respirations; lethargy |
| Hypokalemia | Low serum poatssium levels |
| Hyperkalemia | High serum potassium levels |
| Hypokalemia causes | Diarrhea; excessive urination (diuretics); cushings syndrome; decreased intake; Insulin |
| Hypokalemia Signs/symptoms | Cardiac arrhythmias; anorexia; constipation; leg cramps; muscle weakness; shallow respirations; paresthesia; elevated pH |
| Hyperkalemia causes | Excessive intake; renal failure; potassium sparring diuretics; trauma; crush injuries; burns; acidosis; salt substitutes |
| Hyperkalemia signs/symptoms | cardiac arrhythmias; nausea; diarrhea; muscle weakness; paralysis; paresthesia; oliguria; low pH |
| Acidosis | Decrease in serum pH; caused by increased CO2 or decreased HCO3 |
| Alkalosis | Increase in serum pH; caused by loss of CO2, increase in HCO3; loss of potassium; overusing antacids |
| Causes of respiratory acidosis | Hypoventilation; atelectasis; CNS depression; trauma to brain or spine; COPD (obstructive lung disorders); pulmonary edema; airway obstruction |
| Causes of metabolic acidosis | Diabetic ketoacidosis; lactic acidosis; starvation; diarrhea; renal failure; GI fistulas; shock; cardiac arrest |
| Causes of respiratory alkalosis | Hypoxemia (pneumonia, PE); hyperventilation; pain; anxiety; fear; stimulating respiratory center; carbon monoxide poisoning; liver failure |
| Causes of Metabolic alkalosis | Prolonged vomiting; nasogastric suctioning; diuretic use; hypokalemia; overuse of antacids |
| Signs of acidosis | Hypoxia; hypotension; tachycardia; warm flushed skin; lethargy; confusion; dizziness; headaches; nausea; vomiting |
| Signs of alkalosis | Tachycardia; lethargy; confusion; dizziness; headache; irritability; tetany; tremors; muscle cramps; paresthesia |
| Normal pH range | 7.35-7.45 |
| Normal PaCO2 range | 35-45mmHg |
| Normal Bicarbonate range | 22-26mEq/L |
| Two systems that compensate for acid-base imbalances | Lungs & Kidneys |
| CO2 represents what? Acid or base? | Acid (and respiratory) |
| HCO3 represents what? Acid or base? | Base (and metabolic) |
