| A | B |
|---|
| Large volume (osmotic) diarrhea | Watery stool, leads to shortened transit time, limits water resorption;Causes: lactose intolerance & infection |
| Small-volume diarrhea | Stools may contain blood, pus, mucus, abdominal cramping, urgency; common in IBS |
| Steatorrhea | Partially digested or unabsorbed food present; Stools are bulky, greasy, loose, foul-smelling |
| Complications of diarrhea | Dehydration; electrolyte imbalances; metabolic acidosis; malnutrition |
| Stress incontinence | Increased intraabdominal pressure forces urine through the sphincter |
| Overflow incontinence | Incompetent sphincter is unable to control the flow of urine |
| Urge | Sudden need to urinate followed quickly by bladder contraction and urination |
| Functional | Due to physical limitation (spinal cord injury or brain) |
| Cystitis | Infection of bladder that causes inflammation |
| Urethritis | Infection of urethra that leads to inflammation |
| Pyelonephritis | Infection of kidney that leads to inflammation |
| Prevention of UTIs | Drink water; urinate often; good hygiene; wipe from front to back; urinate before and after sexual intercourse; cotton underwear |
| UTI signs/symptoms | Pain or burning with urination; dark, foul smelling urine; frequency; urgency; pain or pressure in lower abdomen or back; flank pain |
| Mechanical bowel obstructions | Result from tumors, adhesions, hernias or other tangible obstructions |
| Functional bowel obstructions | Result from neurologic impairment (spinal cord injury or paralytic ileus) |
| Causes of mechanical bowel obstructions | Hernia; intussusception; tumors; volvulus; adhesions; strictures; inflammation |
| Causes of functional bowel obstructions | General anesthesia; paralytic ileus; spinal cord injury; ischemia; hypokalemia; opioids |
| Effects of bowel obstructions | vomiting; pain; dehydration; diaphoresis; hypovolemia; electrolyte imbalances; weakness |
| Renal insufficiency | Progression of chronic kidney disease |
| Risk factors for renal insufficiency | DM2; hypertension; cardiovascular disease; renal disorders; age; family history; smoking; obesity; race/ethnicity; access to care |
| Acute kidney injury | Damage to kidney that happens quickly and lasts less than three months |
| Pre-renal injury causes | Occurs BEFORE the kidney and typically decreases perfusion to kidney; low blood pressure; severe blood loss; heart failure; dehydration |
| Intra-renal injury causes | Occurs in the kidney; infection; glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; nephrotoxic medications |
| Post-renal injury causes | Results from blockage anywhere AFTER the kidney; renal caliculi; BPH; neurogenic bladder; bladder tumors |
| Renal failure/injury effects on labs | Increased creatinine; increased BUN; Decreased GFR; hyperkalemia; hyponatremia; hypocalcemia; hypermagnesemia |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of liver |
| Signs of prodromal phase of hepatitis | Fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, headache, hyperalgia, cough, low grade fever |
| Signs of icteric phase of hepatitis | Jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stools, enlarged, tender liver; 1-2 weeks after prodromal phase Actual illness period |
| Signs of recovery phase of hepatitis | Symptoms diminish Liver remains enlarged & tender |
| Transmission of Hepatitis A | Oral-fecal; contaminated food and water; raw shellfish; higher risk working at daycares and prisons |
| Transmission of Hepatitis B | Blood and body fluids; blood transfusion; IV drug users; unprotected sex; healthcare workers at risk |
| Transmission of Hepatitis C | Blood and body fluids; blood transfusion; IV drug users; unprotected sex; IV drug users at higher risk |
| Transmission of Hepatitis D | Blood and body fluids; need hep B virus |
