| A | B |
|---|
| Preload | Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole |
| Afterload | Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood |
| Cardiac Output | The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute |
| Heart rate | number of contractions of the ventricles each minute |
| Stroke volume | The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each contraction |
| Manifestations of decreaed cardiac output | Increased heart rate; decreased blood pressure; decreased perfusion |
| Causes of decreased cardiac output | Tachycardia; decreased blood volume; heart failure; hypertension |
| Pefusion | To get nutrients and oxygen into tissues; need fluid volume, perfusion, gas exchange |
| Tissue perfusion | skin and local areas |
| Myocardial perfusion | heart |
| Central perfusion | vital organs |
| Cerebral perfusion | brain |
| Manifestations of Poor Perfusion | Confusion; Ashen, gray, pale skin color; Cool skin; Decreased blood pressure |
| Hypoxia | Decreased O2, not enough for exchange |
| Hypoxemia | decreased O2 in blood |
| Ischemia | decreased blood supply/perfusion to organ/tissues |
| Infarction | Area of dead tissue |
| Necrosis | tissue death |
| Risk Factors for Poor Perfusion | coronary heart disease; Hypertension; Age: older adults ; Dyslipidemia; smoking and alcohol; genetics |
| Preventing altered perfusion | Diet/exercise; smoking cessation; weight management; hydrate; glucose monitoring; lipid screening; A1C monitoring; routine physicals; take medications; surgery; |
| Arteriosclerosis | Degenerative changes to the artery; Arteries harden and thicken |
| Atherosclerosis | Plaque accumulation in artery walls |
| CAD Risk factors | Diabetes; obestiy; high cholesterol; hypertension; stress; smoking; genetics; menopause; ethnicity; age; gender |
| CAD manifestations | Chest pain, palpitations; dyspnea; dark green lips; unconsciousness; short of breath; EKG changes |
| Heart failure | unable to pump sufficient blood to meet metabolic needs of the body |
| Causes of heart failure | MI; CAD; HTN; Chronic lung diseases; valve problems |
| Manifestations of LEFT sided heart failure | Think LUNGS; orthopnea; productive cough: pink frothy sputum; crackles; tachypnea; dyspnea; tachycardia; restlessness; fatigue; cyanosis |
| Manifestations of RIGHT sided heart failure | Think PERIPHERAL; ascites; edema; enlarged liver & spleen; JVD; fatigue |
| Hypertension | Systemic vasoconstriction |
| Cardiac Dysrhythmias | Irregular or abnormal electrical signals in the heart |
| Causes of Cardiac Dysrhythmias | Fluid/electrolyte imbalances (K); fever; medications; stress; infection; hypoxemia |
| Atrial Fibrilation | Conduction system disrupted & electrical signals move erratically around the atria |
| Ventricular Fibrillation | Electrical signals move erratically around the ventricles; CAN LEAD TO CARDIAC ARREST AND DEATH |
| Tachycardia | electrical signals cause ventricles to beat faster (resting HR greater than 100 beats per minute). |
| Bradycardia | SA node is activated less frequently than normal (resting heart rate less than 60 beats per minute) |
| Risk factors for Cardiac Dysrhythmias | Pollution; caffeine; stress; illegal substances; DM2; MI; HTN; sleep apnea; CAD; electrolyte imbalances; medications; age |
| Signs and symptoms of Cardiac Dysrhythmias | dizziness; syncope; lightheaded; chest pain; palpitations; fluttering; short of breath; rapid breathing |
